nema

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koi

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nematodes belong to phylum nemathelminthis; class: nematoda
most nematodes are free living in fresh water, sea water and soil. a few are parasitic in human, animals and plants
morphology: pseudocoelom - where the reproductive system and other structures are found
body wall - function: protecting the internal organs, helping the movement of excretion of worms
three layers of body wall : cuticle, hypodermis, muscle
excretory system - two lateral excretory ducts running inside the lateral cords
nervous system - a nerve ring encircling the esophagus, from which trunks radiated anteriorly and posteriorly
stages in life cycle of nematodes include : egg, larvae, adults
under favorable conditions larvae undergo 4 molts
ascaris lumbricoides - giant round worm
ascaris lumbricoides - soil transmitted helminth
ascaris lumbricoides -terminal mouth with 3 lips and sensory papillae
ascaris lumbricoides - pinkish or whitish
ascaris lumbricoides is an intestinal nematodes
male ascaris lumbricoides has curved posterior end with 2 spicules
diagnosis A. lumbricoides - direct fecal smear, kato technique and kato - katz technique
treatment of a. lumbricoides - albendazole, mebendazole, pyrantel and ivermectin
prevention and control of A. lumbricoides - sanitary disposal of human feces, health educ, and mass chemotherapy once, twice or thrice a year
necator americanus - adults are small, cylindrical, fusiform grayish white nematodes
ancylostoma duodenale - is intestinal nematode hookworm
ancylostoma duodenale - slightly larger than N. americanus
pathogenesis and clinical manifestation of hookworm - itching, "ground itch" or "dew itch"
treatment of hookworm - albendazole, mebendazole
prevention and control of hookworm - sanitary disposal of human feces, wearing shoes, slipper and boots, health educ
trichuris trichiura - whipworm
trichuris trichiura - soil transmitted helminth classified as holomyrarian
trichuris trichiura - has yellowish outer and transparent inner shell
treatment of trichuris trichiura - mebendazole, albendazole
epidemiology of trichuris trichiura - occur both in temperate and tropical countries
enterobius vermicularis - human pinworm
enterobius vermicularis - causes enterobiasis or oxyuriasis
pathogenesis and clinical manifestation of enterobius vermicularis - poor appetite, weight loss, irritability, grinding of teeth and abdominal pain
treatment of E. vermicularis - pyrantel pamoate, albendazole, mebendazole
prevention and control of E. vermicularis - personal cleanliness and personal hygiene, fingernails should be cut short, handwashing and use of showers than bathtubs
strongyloides stercoralis - characterized by free living rhabditiform and parasitic filaform stages
strongyloides stercolaris - slender tapering anterior end and a short conical pointed tail; short buccal cavity - 4 indistinct lips; long slender esophagus
three phases of infection of strongyloides - invasion of the skin by filariform larvae, migration of larvae through body and penetration of the intestinal mucosa by adult female worms
treatment of strongyloides - albendazole, thiabendazole
capillaria philippinensis - thin filamentous anterior end and a slightly thicker and shorter posterior end
egg of capillaria philippinenesis is peanut shaped with striated shells and flattened bipolar plugs