Module 07 rnw

• DISCOURSE any unit of connected speech or writing longer than a sentence
• NARRATION -description of an event, which occurs in chronological order. It uses pronouns like “I” and “me”; it includes an action; and it follows a chronological order
• Elements of Narration

  • Setting - time and place of the action
  • Character - persons involved in the story
  • Actions - incidents in the story, causes responsible, and manner the outcome is brought about
• Types of Narration

  • Simple - narrative of events which really happen
  • Plotted - fictional, results of the author's invention or ingenuity
• Description

  Fiction- writing mode for transmitting a mental image of the particulars in the story, can go hand in hand with narration and makes the events in the story more vivid
• Patterns of Description

  • Spatial - describes how the subject occupies space
  • Vertical - best with subjects that are taller than they are wide
  • Horizontal - moves from left to right, or from right to left, taking the details in a horizontal sequence
  • Circular - used whenever a horizontal pattern involves something that is not in a straight line
  • Affective - describes the effect a person, place, or thing has on the writer
• Kinds of Description

  • Informative (Scientific and Technical) - appeals to the intellect, describes how it looks, feels, tastes, smells, sounds, details in the appearance
  • Artistic (Suggestive / Evocative or literary) - aims to give pleasure, appeals to the sense of beauty by stimulating the imagination and emotion of the reader
• Exposition


  Type of oral or written discourse used to explain, describe, or give information, the creator cannot assume the reader/listener has prior knowledge or understanding of the topic
• Patterns of Exposition

  • Circumlocution - depicts a pattern in which the speaker discusses a topic, then diverts to discuss a related but different topic
  • Narrative Interspersion - pattern of a sub-pattern embedded in other patterns in which the speaker or writer intersperses a narrative within the expository text for specific purposes
  • Recursion - when the speaker discusses the topic, and then restates it using different words or symbolism
  • Description - the author describes a topic by listing characteristics, features, and examples
  • Sequence - author lists items of events in numerical or chronological order
  • Comparison - the author explains how two or more things are alike and/or how they are different
  • Cause and Effect - the author lists one or more causes and the resulting effect or effects
  • Problem And Solution - the author states a problem and lists one or more solutions for the problem
  • Outline - Topic Sentence, First Point (Support), Second Point (Support), Third Point (Support), Concluding Sentence
• Types of Exposition

  • Exposition of a Process - How-to-do-it, How-it-works, How-it-is-organized, How-did-it-happen
  • Exposition of an Abstract Term - achieved by definition, by analogy, by comparison and contrast, by example, by cause and effect, by repetition, by question and answer or by combined methods
• Term - word to be defined, Genus - the class or concept to which the term belongs, Differentia/differentiation - the characteristics that differentiate it from others belonging to the same class
• Character Sketch


  The process of writing individual traits to set forth our idea of the person, or giving details of the characteristics of some personified animal or thing
• Types of Character Sketches

  • Individual sketch - concerns a particular person
  • Type sketch - deals more with the characteristics common to a group
• Essay


  An exposition of an author's thoughts or reflections on some subject of human interest
• Types of Essays and their Purpose

  • Formal Essay - to give information and instruction
  • Informal Essay - to reveal writer's personality, to entertain, to comment on interesting and important matters
• Comment and Criticism


  Usually published in newspapers and magazines and is written on a large variety of subjects such as books, play, music, painting, sculpture, or anything that naturally evokes opinion or judgment, Criticism justifies the point of view and final judgment by means of signaling out merit and demerit, comparison with established standards, and analysis of the work as a whole and part-by-part
• Types of Criticism

  • Historical criticism
  • Criticism by use of standards
  • Impressionistic or Personal Criticism
• Classification and Partition


  2 different patterns, but both involve sorting information into categories, the writer decides to break the subject up into smaller pieces and examine each piece separately
• Summary


  States and explains briefly the subject of any spoken or written composition of considerable length, the degree of condensation depends on the purpose
• Argumentation


  Form of composition that aims to convince others of the truth or falsity of a disputed matter, 3 goals: to identify, analyze, and evaluate arguments, argument refers to the giving of reasons to support or criticize a claim that is questionable or open to doubt, people who make use of argumentation always appeal to some standard of reasonableness