BIOL131

• Neoplasia

  Abnormal uncontrolled growth
• Dysplasia


  Distortion in tissue architecture
• Nuclear pleomorphism


  Variability in size and shape of nuclei
• Malignancy


  An abnormal growth outside defined margins (invading surrounding tissue)
• Metastasis


  The spread of neoplasticism cells to non-adjacent organs
• Oncology


  The study of cancer
• Pathology


  The study of causes and effects of disease
• Transformed cells


  Cells which do not respond to contact inhibition and anchorage dependence
• Nuclear hyperchromatism


  Increase in nuclear staining
• Pleomorphism


  Altered morphology
• Carcinoma


  Neoplasia derived from epithelial cells (cancer of epithelial cells)
• Metaplasia


  Conversion from one mature cell type to another
• Angiogenesis


  Formation of new blood vessels
• Hyperplasia


  Increase in cell number
• Hypertrophy


  Increase in cell size
• Apoptosis


  The controlled process of cell death
• Necrosis


  The death of cells due to lack of blood supply/oxygen supply (uncontrolled?)
• Histology


  The study of the microscopic structure of tissues
• Cytology


  The study of individual cells of the body
• Haematology


  The study of blood
• Hypoxia


  Reduction/absence of normal O2 supply to an organ
• Hypovolaemia


  Reduction in blood available for the heart to pump (reduction in blood volume)
• Ischaemia


  Restricted/inadequate blood supply
• Prostaglandins


  Group of compounds with hormone-like effects
• Resolution


  The separation distance between two objects where they can be apart and still distinguished as separate objects
• Benign tumours


  Localised and small
• Restitution


  Ability of cells to regenerate by rapid production
• Fibrous repair


  Formation of scar tissue if cells cannot re-grow or tissue architecture is damaged
• Acute inflammation


  Temporary process/ initial response to damaging stimuli
• Chronic inflammation


  Lasts longer, inflammatory process persists
• Exudate


  A mass of cells/fluids that seeps out of blood vessels in inflammation
• Margination


  Accumulation, and adhesion of leukocytes to epithelial cells of blood vessels
• Transmigration


  A process by which lymphocytes migrate across venues to enter tissue/organs
• Pseudopodia


  A temporary arm-like projection of cell membrane for movement or feeding
• Granuloma


  Aggregation of immune cells
• PAMPs


  Pathogen-associated molecular patterns
• DAMPs


  Damage-associated molecular patterns
• Granulocytes


  WBCs that have granules in their cytoplasm (neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils)
• Pathogen


  Disease causing organism
• Infection


  Conflict between two organisms, outcome dependant on innate and acquired immunity