CALP

• Sensorimotor stage


  Birth to 2 years
• Preoperational stage


  • Symbolic play and egocentrism
• Concrete Operational stage


  • Use logical thinking about concrete events
• Formal Operational stage


  • Abstract and hypothetical reasoning
• Schema


  A mental structure for organizing information
• Assimilation


  The process of taking in new information and fitting it into pre-existing schemas
• Equilibration


  Balancing assimilation and accommodation to create stable understanding
• Limitation of Piaget's theory
• Scaffolding


  The support given to a child by a more knowledgeable other to help them learn a new concept
• Language's role in Vygotsky's theory

  Cognitive development
• More Knowledgeable Other (MKO)


  An individual who has more knowledge and helps the learner achieve tasks within the ZPD
• Internalization


  Taking external social activities and making them internal cognitive processes
• Vygotsky's theory implications for education

  • Emphasize the importance of direct instruction and social interaction
• Difference between Piaget and Vygotsky's theories
• Gardner's theory


  Proposing multiple, independent intelligences
• Activity catering to bodily-kinesthetic intelligence

  • Performing a dance routine
• Educators should


  • Use a variety of teaching methods to address different intelligences
• Limitation of Gardner's theory
• Contextual intelligence


  The ability to adapt to different cultural and social contexts
• Empirical evidence for Gardner's theory
• Analytical intelligence


  The ability to analyze, evaluate, and compare
• Creative intelligence


  The ability to generate novel solutions and ideas
• Practical intelligence


  Common sense or street smarts
• Successful intelligence


  • The integration of analytical, creative, and practical abilities
• Strength in practical intelligence

  Ability to adapt to new environments and situations
• Application of Sternberg's theory in education

  • Develop teaching methods that cater to different types of intelligence
• Nature


  Genetic inheritance and biological factors that influence human traits
• Nurture


  Environmental influences on human development
• Nature-focused theory


  • Evolutionary Psychology
• Nurture-focused theory


  • Social Learning Theory
• Interactionist approach


  Both nature and nurture interact and influence each other
• Studies used in behavior genetics

  • Twin and adoption studies
• Social Learning Theory


  People learn behaviors through observation and imitation
• Epigenetics


  Environmental factors can influence the expression of genes
• Heritability is commonly estimated through twin and adoption studies in behavior genetics
• Albert Bandura


  Contributed to Social Learning Theory
• Learning Theories in Social and Emotional Development
• Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Approach to Development
• Turiel's Domain Theory
• Carol Gilligan and the Morality of Care