C2.2 (bonding)

• what is a physical property?


  A characteristic that can be observed or measured
• what is the appearance of metal/non metal elements?

  metal: shiny

  non metal: dull
• what is this melting/boiling point of metal and non metal elements?

  Metals: usually high

  non-metals: usually low
• what state are metals and non metals at room temperature?

  metal:solid

  non metal: half are solid, half are gas
• are metals/non metals malleable or brittle when solid?

  metal: malleable

  Non metal: brittle
• what does malleable mean?

  Capable of being shaped or molded without breaking or cracking.
• what does brittle mean?

  Shatter when hammered
• are metals/non metals ductile or non ductile when solid?


  metals: ductile (can be pulled into wires)

  non metals: non ductile (snap when pulled)
• are metals/non metals good conductors or poor conductors?

  metals: good conductors

  Non metals: poor conductors ( insulators)
• what side of the periodic table are non metals on?

  right
• how are elements arranged in the periodic table?

  in order of increasing atomic number
• where are metal elements found?

  left hand side
• what do some elements on the zigzag boundary have?

  Properties of both metals and non metals
• what is very different about metal and non metal elements?

  Their characteristic chemical properties
• what is a chemical property?


  A characteristic of a substance that can only be determined by studying its chemical reactions
• What are 2 chemical properties of metals?

  Metals lose electrons to form positive ions, they do not react with each other, they mix to form alloys
• what are 2 properties of non metals?

  They gain electrons to form negative ions and react with each other to produce compounds that consist of molecules
• what do metal oxides dissolve in water to produce?

  Alkaline solutions
• what do non metal oxides dissolve in water to produce?

  acidic solutions
• what is a period?

  A horizontal row
• what is a group?


  A vertical column
• what do you see if you look left to right across a period?

  The atomic number increases by 1 , so the number of electrons in each column also increases by 1 each time
• what do elements in a group have?

  Similar properties, due to the arrangement of their electrons
• what does the electronic structure of an element show?

  How the electrons are arranged in its atoms. the outermost occupied shell is the outer shell. the electrons in atoms are arranged around the nucleus in shells and different numbers of shells hold different numbers of electrons
• lithium has an atomic number of 3, find its electronic structure 


  This shows lithium has 3 electrons in total, so go through the shells and sort the electrons into them. the first shell can hold 2 electrons so 2 go there and the second shell will have the 1 remaining electron. so the electronic structure is 2.1 (the dot represents going rom 1 shell to the next)
• what are the links between the numbers in electronic structure of an element and its position in the periodic table?


  -the last number equals the group number. however atoms of group 0 elements all have full outer shells

  -the number of numbers equals the period number

  -the sum of the numbers equals the atomic number
• the electronic structure of oxygen is 2.6, what group and period is oxygen in?


  Oxygen is in group 6 and period 2, and its atomic number is 8 (2+6)
• calcium is in group 2, period 4 with an atomic number of 20. what is its electronic structure?

  2.8.8.2

  (last number = group number)

  (number of numbers = period number)

  (atomic number= 2+8+8+2 = 20)
• What is an ion?


  An electrically charged particle formed when an atom or group of atoms, loses or gains electrons
• what ions do metal atoms form?

  Lose electrons to form positive ions
• What ions do non metal atoms form?

  Non metal atoms gain electrons to form negative ions
• what does not change when an atom forms an ion?

  The number of protons and neutrons do not change when an atom forms an ion
• what ion does sodium form and how?

  Na+, atom loses its outer electron
• what ion does magnesium form and how?

  Mg2+ , atom loses its 2 outer electrons
• what ion does calcium form and how?

  Ca2+ atom loses 2 electrons to complete its outer shell
• what ion does oxygen form and how?

  O2-, atom gains 2 electrons to complete its outer shell
• how can you work out an ions electronic structure?

  If you know the structure of the original atom and the number of electrons lost or gained
• how can you work out the electronic structure of a sodium ion?

  The electronic structure of a sodium atom is 2.8.1 so it now loses the outer electron when it forms a sodium ion. meaning the new structure of the ion is 2.8
• how do you work out the electronic structure of a chloride ion?

  A chloride atom has a structure of 2.8.7 and the atom gains 1 electron to complete its outer shell, meaning that the new electronic structure of a chloride ion is 2.8.8
• what are stable atoms/ions?

  Atoms and ions with full outer shells