Making Principles

• Scapping too much raw materials leads to a cut in profits. Profits could be increased if they are able to find ways to lower the cost per product by saving material.
• Tessellating shapes can help arrange items to be cut so that, when fitted together, as many as possible can be cut out of a sheet of material.
• Nesting software will automatically fit irregular shapes as close together as possible.
• Name this technique

  A) Tessellating

  
• Name this technique:

  A) Nesting

  
• Different marking out tools

  • tape measure
  • pins
  • craft knife
  • compass
  • scriber
  • mitre square
  • mortise gauge
  • centre punch
  • engineer's square or try square
  • marking knife
  • sliding bevel
• tape measure


  Measure straight and curved shapes
• pins


  Hold pattern pieces in place and mark points on fabric
• craft knife


  Cut and score (mark), particularly used on paper and card
• compass


  Mark out circles
• scriber


  A sharp point to put a fine scratch on the surface of the metal that is being marked
• mitre square


  Measure 45 degree and 135 degree angles for mitre joints in picture frames
• mortise gauge


  Mark out lines parallel to an edge
• centre punch


  Used to create a drill point before a hole is drilled so that the drill bit does not slip on the surface
• engineer's square or try square


  Used for marking out at 90 degrees to an edge or face
• marking knife


  Score lines
• sliding bevel


  Can be adjusted to mark a specific angle
• Name this tool

  A) Scriber

  
• Name this tool

  A) Mitre square

  
• Name this tool

  A) Mortise gauge

  
• Name this tool

  A) Engineers square

  
• Name this tool:

  A) Marking knife

  
• Name this tool:

  A) Sliding bevel

  
• marking out before cutting can help minimise waste on paper and boards
• How to select most appropriate tools and equipment:

  • use Internet research and watch online instruction videos
  • access forums and blogs to read public tips on successful production
  • ask other people and visit or email specialist workplaces
  • visit the local library and research techniques in specialist books
  • companies who manufacture the tools and equipment often have detailed instructions online for their use
• What do these 2 PPE icons mean?

  A) Eye protection

  B) Ear protection

  
• Types of PPE

  • protective gloves and aprons for work with heat, eg brazing metals
  • goggles where there may be splashing or splinters, eg chemical use or using a band saw
  • chainmail gloves when cutting with a fast-moving blade
  • a thimble to offer protection from puncture wounds when sewing through thick materials by hand
  • ear protection when using or working around noisy equipment
• What do these warning symbols mean?

  A) Oxidising

  B) Toxic

  C) Gas under pressure

  D) corrosive

  E) explosive

  F) Flammable

  G) Hazard

  H) Hazard to environment

  I) Health hazard

  
• Warning symbols are covered by COSHH Regulations (Consideration of Substances Hazardous to Health)

  
• Finishes are added to a product’s surface after production to improve its functionality and/or aesthetic.
• Types of finishes:

  • stop corrosion
  • prevent decay
  • stop UV light degradation
  • defend against attack (from insects or fungus etc)
  • improve hygiene
  • make a product tougher
  • insulate
  • decorate
  • colour
  • make a product smooth
• Paper and boards finishing

  Printing, waterproof coating, laminating, spot varnish, foil backing, foil or relief embossing, UV varnish
• Textiles finishing

  Stain protection, waterproof coatings, mould and mildew protection, printing, dyeing, distressing (making it look old), flameproofing, crease resistance
• Timbers finishing

  Painting, varnish, wax, stain, preservative, pressure treatment
• Metals finishing

  Powder coating, dip coating, galvanising (coating iron or steel with zinc), electroplating (coating with a thin layer by electrolysis), shot blasting (cleaning or etching by firing a stream of high-speed metal beads)
• Polymers finishing

  Polish, vinyl decals (sticky backed vinyl cut into decorative shapes), printing
• Electronics finishing

  Protective insulation, lacquering, lubrication
• Ways to apply finishes:

  • painting and rolling
  • spraying
  • electroplating
  • adhesives
  • sandblasting
  • heat or pressure bonding
  • printing