Biological Principle Reviewer

• Enzymes


  • Special proteins that regulate nearly every biochemical reaction in the cell, different reactions require different enzymes, they function to provide energy to cells, build new cells, aid in digestion, break down complex molecules, act as catalysts (speed up chemical reactions without being used up or altered), factors that affect enzymes: pH, temperature, and quantity
• Cell Division: process of copying and dividing the entire cell, allows unicellular organisms to duplicate in a process called asexual reproduction, allows multicellular organisms to grow, develop from a single cell into a multicellular organism, make other cells to repair and replace worn out cells, three types: binary fission (bacteria and fungi), mitosis, and meiosis
• Protein Synthesis: Transcription and Translation
• Key molecules required for life

  • DNA
  • Protein Synthesis: Transcription and Translation
• Mitosis


  1. Interphase

  2. Mitosis

  3. Cytokinesis
• Meiosis


  1. Two cell divisions, one chromosome replication

  2. First meiosis division produces cells with half the number of double-stranded chromosomes

  3. Second meiosis division results in formation of four haploid cells
• Sperm


  • Each primary sperm cell develops into four haploid cells of equal size

  Cells lose most cytoplasm and develop a tail for movement
• Egg


  • Each primary egg cell develops into one large haploid cell and three smaller haploid polar bodies

  The final egg cell is provided with a larger supply of stored nutrients
• Genetics


  Branch of biology that deals with heredity
• Trait


  Characteristic an individual receives from its parents
• Gene


  Carries instructions responsible for expression of traits
• Homozygous


  Two alleles of a pair are identical
• Heterozygous


  Two alleles of a pair are different
• Dominant


  Controlling allele
• Recessive


  Hidden allele
• Genotype


  Genetic makeup of an organism
• Phenotype


  Physical appearance of an organism
• Monohybrid


  Cross involving one trait
• Dihybrid


  Cross involving two traits
• Punnett Square


  Graphic organizer to show probable results of a genetic cross
• Pedigree


  Graphic organizer to map genetic traits between generations
• Karyotype


  Chart of metaphase chromosome pairs to study chromosome number/diseases
• Test Cross


  Mating of an individual of unknown genotype with an individual of known genotype
• Mendel's Laws of Heredity

  Law of Dominance

  Law of Segregation

  Law of Independent Assortment
• Patterns of Inheritance


  • Sex Chromosomes

  Sex-Linked Traits

  Linked Traits

  Multiple Alleles

  Polygenic Inheritance

  Codominance

  Incomplete Dominance

  Dominance/Recessiveness
• Sources of Variation


  Crossing Over

  Nondisjunction

  Genetic Variation
• Mutations


  Changes in genetic code
• Genetic Engineering (Genomics)


  Process of transferring a gene (DNA) from one organism to another
• Karyotype used to identify gender or chromosomal abnormalities
• Develop an understanding of the unity and diversity of life
• Classification of Organisms


  • Evolutionary Relationships

  Historical Development and Changing Nature of Classification Systems

  Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic Organisms

  Eukaryotic Kingdoms

  Dichotomous Keys
• Processes of Organisms


  • Essential Life Functions

  Adaptations affecting Survival and Reproduction

  Structural Adaptations in Plants and Animals

  Disease-Causing Viruses and Microorganisms

  Co-Evolution
• Factors Affecting Health and Disease

  • Genetics

  Immune Response

  Nutrition

  Parasites

  Toxins
• Patterns of Animal Behavior

  • Adaptations to the Environment

  Innate/Learned Behavior
• Natural Selection and Theory of Evolution

  Proposed by Charles Darwin

  Process by which organisms best suited to environment survive and reproduce

  Adaptation

  Microevolution

  Macroevolution

  Convergent Evolution

  Divergent Evolution

  Adaptive Radiation

  Speciation

  Geographic Isolation

  Reproductive Isolation
• Evidence of Evolution


  • Fossils

  DNA

  Embryology
• Classification Systems


  • Aristotle's two groups

  Carolus Linnaeus' system

  Six kingdoms

  Dichotomous keys

  Phylogeny, DNA/biochemical analysis, embryology, morphology, Phylogenetic trees
• Levels of Classification


  • Kingdom

  Phylum

  Class

  Order

  Family

  Genus

  Species
• Classification of Humans
• Viruses


  Composed of nucleic acid surrounded by protein coat, use living cells to replicate