organic reactions

• Homologous series


  A group of compounds with the same functional group
• Functional group


  A group of atoms that determines the properties of a compound
• Alkenes


  A homologous series with a double carbon-carbon bond
• Addition reaction of an alkene with a halogen

  Haloalkane is formed
• Addition reaction of an alkene with hydrogen

  Alkane is formed
• Addition reaction of an alkene with steam

  High temperature, high pressure, and a catalyst are required
• Alcohols


  A homologous series with an -OH group
• Alcohol production


  Steam with an alkene or fermentation
• Alcohol production by fermentation

  Sugar solution with yeast mixed in, warm, sealed vessel
• First four alcohols


  • Methanol
  • Ethanol
  • Propanol
  • Butanol
• Reaction between an alcohol and sodium

  Hydrogen and an alkoxide are formed
• Oxidation of alcohols


  Carboxylic acid is formed
• Oxidising agent


  Acidified potassium dichromate
• Carboxylic acids


  A homologous series with a -COOH group
• Reaction between a carboxylic acid and sodium carbonate


  Salt, carbon dioxide, and water are formed
• Carboxylic acid production


  Oxidation of alcohols
• First four carboxylic acids

  • Methanoic acid
  • Ethanoic acid
  • Propanoic acid
  • Butanoic acid
• Reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol

  An ester is formed
• Catalyst used in ester formation


  Concentrated sulfuric acid
• When pure carboxylic acids are added to water, a weak acid is formed