Biology 1

• How to viruses make you ill?

  • They reproduce inside the body cells causing damage
• What are some differences between a Bacterium cell and a Animal cell

  • Bacterium cell has a cell wall
  • No nucleus or mitochondria
  • Plasmids present
• What are anti-bodies?

  • Proteins that bind to specific antigens on pathogens
• What is a Eukaryotic cell?

  A cell with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
• What are the cells that regulate the heart beating?

  Pacemaker cells
• What is the function of Chloroplasts?

  Photosynthesis
• How do you calculate magnification?


  Magnification is calculated by dividing the size of the image by the size of the object.
• Job + Adaptations of Red blood cells?

  • They carry around oxygen
  • They have a thin outer membrane so oxygen diffuses easily
• What do White blood cells do?

  Immune defense by 2 ways

  • Phagocytosis (engulfing and destroying pathogens)
  • Producing Antibodies and Antitoxins
• Function of glandular tissue?

  • Produce substances such as enzymes & hormones
• What are tissues?


  Groups of cells that work together to perform a specific function.
• What causes anti-biotic resistance?

  • Random mutations in bacteria
  • Bacteria sharing genes
• What are some symptoms of Salmonella?

  • Vomiting
  • diarrhoea
  • Fever
  • Cramps
• What do bacteria make you ill?

  Toxins and they reproduce rapidly
• What happens to enzymes outside of their optimal PH ?

  • The shape of the enzyme along with its active site, will change
  • Extremes cause denaturing
• Function of Muscular tissue?

  • Contracts bringing movement
• Job + Adaptions of root hair cell

  • Absorb water & mineral ions
  • Fingerlike shape for large surface area
• Adaptation + Job of a leaf cell

  • Job - Absorb light for photosynthesis
  • Adap - Lots of Chloroplasts
• What’s a graticule?

  • A glass or plastic disc fitted into the eyepiece of a microscope used to estimate the size of a specimen
• Solute vs solvent

  • A solute is a soluble substance/solid that dissolves
  • A solvent is a liquid that the dissolves the solute
• What is a hypertonic solution?

  A hypertonic solution is a solution with a higher concentration of solutes compared to another solution.
• What is a hypotonic solution?

  A solution with a lower solute concentration than the cell.
• What is a isotonic solution?

  Same amount of solute inside/outside cell
• What is the lock & key model?

  The shape of the active site matches the shape of its substrate molecules, this makes enzymes highly specific
• What breaks down carbohydrates, what do they break them down into and where are the enzymes produced?

  • Amylase
  • Maltose
  • Pancreas, Salivary glands, Small intestines
• What breaks down lipids and what into?

  Lipase breaks down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol.
• What is meristem tissue and where is it found?

  Meristem tissue is a made up of plant stem cells. It’s found in the growing parts of the plant such as the tips of shoots and roots
• What is osmosis?


  Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration across a semi-permeable membrane.
• What are the advantages of using an electron microscope over a light microscope?

  The advantages of using an electron microscope over a light microscope include higher magnification, higher resolution, and the ability to visualize smaller objects due to the use of electrons instead of light.