Made up of religion, language, ethnic origin, etc.
Important to ethnic minorities
Ghuman
Brasian identities.
Religion, extended family, loyalty, and honour are important
Cashmore & Troyna
Ethnic minorities turn inwards to seek support from within their own community in response to racism
Francis & Archer
British chinese families emphasise education as a path to social mobility. Cultural values around family obligation, respect for teachers and long term thinking influenced educational aspirations
