Psych 30 Final

• Stages of child development

  • Formal operation
  • Pre-operational
  • Concrete operation
  • Sensorimotor
• Bobo Doll study


  Study conducted by Bandura on how children imitate aggressive behavior of adult models
• Presuppositions in questions


  The effect of the content of questions on a person's recall of an event
• Kohlberg's theory of moral development


  Stages of moral development that occur in a step-by-step sequence
• Rosenthal and Jacobson's expectancy effect


  Theory that teacher's expectancies about a student affect how they treat that student
• Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences


  Theory that there are multiple types of intelligence, not just a single general intelligence
• Bouchard and Lykken's twin studies


  Research on genetic and environmental influences on human characteristics
• Monozygotic twins


  Identical twins
• Bem's theory of psychological androgyny


  Theory that a person who possesses both masculine and feminine qualities is balanced and well-adjusted
• Bem Sex-Role Inventory


  Scale for assessing gender
• Festinger's theory of cognitive dissonance


  If you believe one view but publicly state the opposite view, you will experience cognitive dissonance
• Bem's Sex-Role Inventory


  Refined to include desirable and undesirable feminine and masculine qualities
• What Bem's Sex-Role Inventory has been used to study

  • Effect of men's attitudes towards women after viewing sexually explicit films
  • How people change their gender behaviours depending on the sex of the person they are interacting with
  • How people change their gender behaviours depending on their age
  • Cross cultural variations in gender roles
• Cognitive dissonance (Festinger's theory)


  If you believe one view but publicly state the opposite view, you will experience cognitive dissonance
• Festinger reported that the people who were given $1 to lie about how enjoyable the task was were actually the ones who reported liking the tasks more
• Festinger's conclusion


  The reason people have for their attitude discrepant behavior affects the amount of cognitive dissonance that they experience
• Conditioned stimulus (in Pavlov's experiment)

  The metronome
• Pavlov's life spanned these years

  1849-1936
• Lay of the land (in Tolman's study)


  The general direction or vicinity of a destination
• Tolman's study


  • Highlighted the concept of cognitive maps
• Experiment groups not present in Tolman's latent learning experiment


  • The group that was punished for taking incorrect paths in the maze
• According to Tolman, cognitive processes can be inferred from behavior
• Extinction (in psychology)


  The disappearance of a learned response following the removal of the reinforcer
• Ekman and Friesen's study

  • Studied facial expression of emotion
• Basic emotions according to Ekman and Friesen


  • Happiness
  • Disgust
  • Surprise
  • Sadness
  • Anger
  • Jealousy
• Ekman and Friesen studied subjects chosen from a New Guinean population because they had no previous experience with Western culture
• Ekman and Friesen's method

  Subjects were read a story portraying one of the six basic emotions and then asked to choose a photograph that matched the story
• Ekman and Friesen's conclusion

  Facial expressions of emotion were universal
• A criticism of Ekman and Friesen's study was that they did not study a wide enough array of cultures
• How Little Albert was conditioned to fear the rat


  The rat was paired with a loud noise
• Generalization (in psychology)


  Little Albert's fear of rats transferred to other objects
• Extinction of Little Albert's fear of rats did not occur in the study
• Implications of the Little Albert study

  • It has been applied to the fields of parenting and psychotherapy
  • It led to the study of infant emotional facial expressions
  • It led to research into infant feelings and needs
• A criticism of the Little Albert study was that it was not ethical to do the study on a traumatized infant
• Attachment study (by Harlow)

  The monkeys preferred the cloth-covered mother over the wire mother
• In the attachment study, a monkey's digestive system was affected by which mother it was exposed to
• A criticism of the attachment study is that it is inappropriate to compare human's attachment process to that of monkey's
• Signs of non-attachment


  Unwillingness to explore one's environment
• Holmes and Rahe's Social Readjustment Scale


  Developed a list of life changing events
• One of the criticisms against the Holmes and Rahe study was that the life changing events list did not differentiate between things under your control and things outside of your control