ethnicity

• Rastafarians


  Jamaican religion and culture. Includes reggae music and red, gold and green clothes.

  • Hebdige - Rastafarianism is a form of resistance to white culture and racism
• Cashmore & Troyna

  • earlier studies mostly focused on white working-class youth and ignored how young people of color used music, style, and culture—like reggae or hip-hop—to resist racism and exclusion. 
  • They also pointed out that the State often treated these youth as threats, rather than understanding their struggles.
• Sewell

  • Black caribbean boys adopt a hyper masculine street identity in response to racism, school failure & lack of father figures
  • included valuing toughness, peer loyalty & rejection of authority
  • emphasised status through music, fashion, resistance to authority & group identity