ethnicity

• Nightingale - deviance 


  -Young black males in Philadelphia consumed the mainstream US culture through the media like everyone else, sharing values like consumerism and money. 

  • they were Excluded, both racially and economically, from fully participating in the mainstream means of achieving society's goals. 
  • Thus, they turned to illegitimate means to achieve these goals. 
  • 'Paradox of inclusion' - Which is the desire to be included drives the desire for success
• Bourgois - deviance


  Latino and African-African drug dealers in New York's El Barrio area. 

  • He discussed the 'anguish of growing up poor' in the richest city of the world, arguing that this creates an inner-city street culture in which deviant practices = norm. 
  • Drug dealing was their way of surviving and achieving respect.
• Alexander - deviance

  • Bengali youths in inner city London. They often got involved in fighting, among themselves and against other ethnic groups. 
  • However, she argued that the myth of the Asian gang was created through the media and was fuelled by Islamophobia. 
  • Teachers started using stereotypes, who projected the 'gang' label onto group of friends who shared an ethnicity and chose to stick together, even if they weren't part of a gang. Their gang was often fragile. 
• Sewell - anti school


  For black males, the culture of the streets is anti-education: seeing educational success as feminine. 

  He identified 4 visible groupings/reactions to school among African-Caribbean boys:

  • Conformists - pro-school
  • Innovators pro-education but anti-school 
  • Retreatist - rejected goals of education and means of achieving them.
  • Rebels Formed their own alternative subcultures
• Mirza - anti school


  The girls she studied resented teacher labels, racism and expectation of failure. 

  • They adopted strategies to maximise their chances of educational success, often keeping their heads down, sitting at the back and doing their work. 
  • Form of resistance, but as a rational response to their negative school experience
• Mac an Ghail


  Young African Caribbean males developed subcultures based on very masculine images as a response to perceived teacher labelling and racism. 

  • Also identified the Rasta heads, whose resistance involved open confrontation with teachers. 
  • In the same school were the Warriors, on Asian male subculture.