Science 1st Quarter

• Respiratory System


  • Nose or mouth
  • Nasal cavity
  • Pharynx
  • Epiglottis
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Bronchioles
  • Lungs
  • Pleura
  • Alveoli
  • Rib cage
  • Diaphragm
• Inhalation


  1. Organs contract and expand

  2. Air is drawn in

  3. Ribs move out

  4. Diaphragm moves down
• Exhalation


  1. Organs deflate, move back to original

  2. Air is forced out

  3. Ribs move inwards

  4. Diaphragm moves back
• Dominant alleles


  Rr, RR
• Mendel's laws


  • Law of Segregation
  • Law of Independent Assortment
  • Law of Dominance
• Incomplete Dominance


  Inherited trait is a blend of parental traits. One of the alleles is not entirely dominant over recessive.
• Types of sex related characteristics

  • Sex-Limited Traits
  • Sex-Influenced Traits
  • Sex-Linked Traits
• Sex-Linked Traits


  Traits that can be controlled by sex chromosomes
• Codominance


  Both alleles are equally strong, no allele is neither dominant nor recessive. Phenotypic traits are the results.
• Codominance


  • Erminette, a type of chicken with unblended white and black feathers
• Multiple Alleles


  More than 2 alleles that carry genetic code. 2 possible phenotypes can be expressed in an offspring.
• Females have 44 chromosomes + 2X sex chromosomes = 46 (XX), Males have 44 chromosomes + 1X 1Y sex chromosomes = 46 (XY)
• Hypertrichosis of pinnae


  Hairy ears, associated only with Y chromosome and holandric which means it can only be transmitted from fathers to sons
• Extinction is the end of a group of organisms or species
• Both biological and environmental factors influence traits
• Sex-Inherited Traits


  • Traits that can only be inherited biologically
  • Some traits are only for females and others are only for males
• Female: 44 chromosomes + 2X sex chromosomes = 46 . . XX
• Male: 44 chromosomes + 1X 1Y sex chromosomes = 46 . . XY
• Hypertrichosis of pinnae


  • Hairy ears
  • Associated only with Y chromosome and holandric which means it can only be transmitted from fathers to sons
• Local Extinction


  Extinction happens only in a specific region on the planet
• Mass Extinction


  Extinction happens in several places
• Human Activities are the primary engine or cause behind the most recent extinctions
• Another 13 rare animals joined the list of animals on the brink of extinction by Business Insider (2018)
• The Highest Number of Endangered Species (2013) by International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
• Natural Causes of Extinction

  This happens at a slow rate but have been rising since last few decades because of super bad human activities
• Natural Causes of Extinction

  • Climate Change and Global Warming
  • The Rising Sea Level and Changes in Ocean Currents
  • Asteroids or Cosmic Radiation
  • Acid Rain
  • Diseases
• Asteroids or Cosmic Radiation


  • Asteroid has the capacity to wipe-out all life on Earth, it can kill the species in the surroundings
  • Radiation can weaken the gene pool of certain species and affect their ability to reproduce
  • Cosmic Radiation can come from supernova and happens during death of a star
  • Solar Radiation is inevitable but can be beneficial if you can manage the amount of sunlight that you can get
• Global warming


  Can affect the development of fish eggs and hatch
• Diseases caused by global warming

  • Increase the chances of spreading diseases
  • Some species lose their immunity and can't fight disease
  • Some species become more susceptible to diseases and epidemics that may result to extinction
• Cells are the basic unit of life
• Anoxygenic


  Processes that do not produce oxygen
• Photosynthesis


  The process where plants use solar energy to produce their own food
• Solar energy is one of the most readily available kinds of energy and plants get the most benefit out of it
• Not all plants photosynthesize
• Parts of a plant leaf

  • Upper and Lower Epidermis
  • Stomata
  • Mesophyll
  • Vascular Bundle
• Stomata


  • Epidermal pores where substances enter and exit the plant
  • It contracts in order to regulate the amount of water and gases that go in and out of plant
• Functions of a leaf

  • Photosynthesis
  • Helps the plant breathe
  • Storage of food
• Photosynthesis


  • The most important function of a leaf
  • Leaves contain chloroplasts which have the pigment, chlorophyll, responsible for helping in photosynthesis
  • Prepared food is transported to other parts of plant via phloem tissue