PR1

• The process by which a researcher identifies the representative of a population to be used in his/her study.

  SAMPLING
• · Identifying your target participants

  CASE SAMPLING
• Determining where you get these participants

  SAMPLING GROUPS OF CASES
•  Identifying which tools you will use on the participants to collect data

  MATERIAL SAMPLING
• Determining what collected data will you use or analyze

  SAMPLING WITHIN THE MATERIAL
• Choosing which data should be used to represent the outcomes of the study

  PRESENTATIONAL SAMPLING
• It is often used in quantitative research rather than qualitative research. Relies on a statistical analysis of the population.

  PROBABILITY SAMPLING
• This is used when an accurate representation of the entire population is needed in the sample. It gives all representatives of the entire population to be selected as a sample.

  PROBABILITY SAMPLING
• Samples are identified randomly with the help of statistical and mathematical computations.

   

  SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
• The population is divided into different groups/strata based on criteria set by the researcher. The researcher then randomly identifies individuals from these groups.

  STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING
• This is similar to stratified randomly sampling, but instead of grouping them based on criteria set by the researchers the individuals are randomly selected from naturally occurring groups (e.g. sections in a schoo


  CLUSTER SAMPLING
• This type of sampling is a combination of stratified random and cluster sampling. It consists of multiple stages of grouping: first from naturally occurring groups and then groups based on criteria set by the researcher.

  MULTISTAGE SAMPLING
• This method of sampling is the easiest since it only requires the researcher to set a fixed interval to determine the sample. For example, in a population of 100 individuals, the researcher can choose to select every 5th member until he reaches 50 representatives

   

  SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
• - This is used when the population can not/does not need to be sampled to represent the target population and so individuals do not have an equal chance of being sampled. The researcher is selective of its population and sample (e.g., not all individuals can be sampled, or the researcher does not need to sample all individuals).

  NON PROBABILITY SAMPLING
• Samples are targeted and selected based on a criterion set by the researcher. These criteria are based on the research objectives and questions that the study aims to answer (e.g. a study that wants to study smoking habits would only select individuals who are smokers)

  PURPOSIVE SAMPLING
• The sampling group is identified by the convenience of the researcher (e.g. nearby, already familiar). Groups are determined based on their availability rather than randomness from the population. This method of sampling does not guarantee an accurate representation of the population but can be useful in collecting preliminary data.


  CONVENIENCE SAMPLING
• The identification of the sample group is accumulative and can come from populations not initially known by the researcher. For example, if a researcher wants to study the impact of Alzheimer's on family members, but they don't know a lot of patients. They can ask the patients they know for others like them.

  SNOWBALL SAMPLING
• Very similar to purposive sampling wherein the population is filtered based on a criterion set by a researcher. However, in quota sampling, they are looking for specific characteristics in individuals that may or may not directly link to the research question/objective (e.g. age, sex, religion

  QUOTA SAMPLING
• The researcher is immersed for prolonged periods of time in the setting where the participants/phenomenon is to be observed.

  PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION
• - This is similar to participant observation except that the researcher is NOT immersed in the setting or the participants are not aware of the researcher's presence.

  NON PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION
• - It is when the researcher establishes specific rules for the observation and schedule (e.g. they will be observed for two (2) hours inside the school). The participant is informed ahead of time of these rules.

  SYSTEMATIC OBSERVATION
• - It is the complete opposite of structured observation where there are no rules or guidelines set for the observation. This allows a more freeform or narrative means of data collection.

   

  UNSTRUCTURED OBSERVATION
• In both methods, the participant is unaware of the researcher and the researcher does interact or involve themselves with the setting.

  SIMPLE AND CONTRIVE OBSERVATION
• - the researcher cannot change any factors in the setting.

  SIMPLE OBSERVATIONS
• - the researcher can change or has control over some factors in the setting. This is useful when the goal is to see how participants react to specified situations.


  CONTRIVED OBSERVATIONS
• It is a method that is used when a participant can be observed directly.

  INTERVIEWS
• These are "oral questionnaires". The researcher asks a list of predefined questions that only permits limited participant responses.

  STRUCTURED INTERVIEW
• - The researcher begins with a set of key questions however the participant is given more freedom to explain certain topics.

  SEMI STRUCTURED INTERVIEW
• - This is the opposite of structured interviews. Participants will be asked one (1) general question and can explain their responses in depth. Further questions will be based on their answers.

  UNSTRUCTURED INTERVIEW
• Analysis of Documents and Audio-Visual Materials

  It is a method often used as a means of validating data collected through other methods. It is the analysis of documents or materials to give meaning around an assessment/topic.
• This refers to the integrity and application of the methods taken by the researcher, as well as the precision and relevance of his/her findings.

  VALIDATION
• Type of Validation

  1. Content Validity

  2. Construct validity

  3. Criterion-based validity

  4. Triangulation