College 3: Causal reasoning and Creative thinking

• Types of Reasoning

  • Inductive reasoning
  • Deductive reasoning
• Inductive Reasoning


  Reasoning from specific instances to general principles
• Deductive Reasoning


  Reasoning from general principles to specific instances
• Early causality understanding


  • Development of inductive reasoning
  • Development of deductive reasoning
• Hume's causality theory


  • Priority principle
  • Covariation principle
  • Temporal contiguity principle
  • Similarity of causes and effects
• Scientific reasoning


  • Hypothesis testing
  • Falsify information to avoid confirmation bias
  • Using covariation
• Creativity is the generation of ideas that are both novel and valuable
• Divergent thinker: thinks of all possible ways to reach a solution

  Convergent thinker: thinks for a final solution
• Priority principle: Jack in the box, which marble made Jack pop up?
• Covariation principle: which switch turns on the light?
• Temporal contiguity principle: in addition to covariation cause and effects needs to be linked by contiguous events
• Similarity of causes and effects: which lever makes which sound?