College 7: Principles of Learning & Motivation of Learning

• Motivation


  An internal state that guides, excites, and continues activities
• Why learn about motivation


  • Some type of motivation is needed for every activity
  • We all go to school for at least 12 years
  • Motivation is essential for school learning
  • Motivation is one of the factors that influences school performance, scholastic abilities, and cognition
• Achievement goals


  Individuals' aims and purposes with respect to developing competence at some activity
• Original achievement goal model

  • Mastery and performance
• 2x2 achievement goal framework

  • Mastery approach goal
  • Mastery avoidance goal
  • Performance approach goal
  • Performance avoidance goal

  
• Mastery approach goal


  Aiming to learn as much as possible
• Mastery avoidance goal


  Aiming to avoid misunderstanding or not learning (as much as possible)
• Performance approach goal


  Aiming to perform better than others
• Performance avoidance goal


  Aiming to avoid doing worse than others
• Parental feedback

  • Mastery approach goal: no relationship
  • Mastery avoidance goal: positive association with mother + father person-focused negative feedback
  • Performance approach goal: positive association with father person-focused positive feedback
  • Performance avoidance goal: positive associations with mother + father person-focused negative feedback
• Goal structure


  An environment affects students' motivation, cognitive engagement, and achievement within that setting
• Types of goal structures

  • Competitive structure
  • Cooperative structure
  • Individualistic structure
• Self-determination is the capacity to choose and to have those choices, rather than reinforcement contingencies, drives or any other forces of pressure
• Motivations


  Reasons to act
• Different types of motivation

  • Amotivation
  • Extrinsic motivation
  • Intrinsic motivation
• Competence


  To have a sense of competence to feel good about what we are doing
• Relatedness


  To have a sense of enjoyment in the company of others, to feel connected
• Autonomy


  When you feel a full sense of willingness, volition and choice
• Fulfillment of the three innate needs (competence, relatedness, autonomy) lead to a higher quality of motivation
• Amotivation


  A state in which people lack motivation to act in a certain way
• Extrinsic motivation


  Motivation to act to obtain some separate outcome (such as a reward)
• Intrinsic motivation


  Performing an activity for its own sake, inherent curiosity and tendency to learn
• Classroom examples of different types of motivation

  • Amotivation: Student who is uninterested and does not want to do anything
  • Extrinsic motivation: Student who only works when a grade can be obtained or when the teacher will check homework
  • Intrinsic motivation: Student who is interested in topic, keeps working although not strictly necessary, wants to answer and ask questions
• Four phases of extrinsic motivation


  • External regulation
  • Introjected regulation
  • Identified regulation
  • Integrated regulation
• Integrated regulation


  Characterized by activity being personally important for a valued outcome
• Intrinsic motivation


  Characterized by interest in activity itself
• Both integrated regulation and intrinsic motivation are self-determined and autonomous self-regulation
• Who is interested in topic

  Keeps working although not strictly necessary, wants to answer and ask questions
• Extrinsic motivation


  Behavior controlled by external reinforcers
• External regulation


  Follow rules because they should, but not internalized
• Introjected regulation


  Accepts rules because personally important
• Identified regulation


  Completely integrated self-determined values
• Extrinsic motivators


  Can sometimes lower self-determination
• Positive feedback


  Boosts self-determination
• Self-determination theory


  Mostly questionnaire research, many questionnaires measure some aspect of self-determination theory
• Three innate needs

  • Autonomy
  • Competence
  • Relatedness
• Development of motivation


  From achievement goal theory and self-determination theory perspectives
• Specific instances of achievement goal theory

  • Performance approach goal
  • Performance avoidance goal
  • Mastery approach goal
  • Mastery avoidance goal

  
• Competence valence

  Positive (approaching success) vs Negative (avoid failure)
• Competence definition

  Absolute/Intrapersonal (Mastery) vs Normative (Performance)