global sporting events

• Who established the first modern Olympic Games?

  Baron Pierre de Coubertin - first game in Athens
• When was the first modern Olympic Games held?


  1896
• What are the aims of the Olympic Games?

  - promote development of the physical and moral qualities of sport

  - spread Olympic principles, creating international goodwill

  - bring together athletes of the world every four years

  - educate young people through sports in a spirit of better understanding between each other and of friendship, thereby helping to build a peaceful world
• What are the Olympic values?

  1. Encourage effort - striving for excellence (determination)

  2. Preserve human dignity - demonstrating respect, every individual must have the right to practice sport without discrimination of any kind in the Olympic spirit. This requires mutual respect, understanding and friendship (courage, inspiration)

  3. Develop harmony - celebrating friendship, sport has a role in development of human harmony (equality)
• More Olympic values:


  Respect

  Excellence

  Friendship

  Courage

  Determination

  Inspiration

  Equality
• What is the BOA?

  British Olympic Association
• What is the IOC?

  International Olympic Committee
• Information on the BOA

  - formed in 1905

  - responsible for planning and execution of GB's Olympic Team participation in the winter and summer games

  - responsible for developing the Olympic movement in the UK

  - not funded by government, no political interest, dependent on commercial sponsorship and fundraising income
• Information on the IOC

  - created by Paris Congress in 1894

  - owns all rights to the Olympic symbol and the Olympic Games themselves

  - Administers the Olympic movement and has headquarters in Lausanne, Switzerland

  - members are appointed to the IOC and are responsible for selecting host cities
• The Olympic Games have been used as a tool to make ....

  Political points, due to their extensive global publicity
• What is propaganda?


  a type of communication that seeks to influence people towards a certain cause and, in this case, a political philosophy. The information given as part of this communication is biased towards a certain belief or set of values.
• What is apartheid?


  a range of policies of racial segregation under a system of legislation. Apartheid existed in South Africa from 1948 to 1994.

  Under apartheid, non-white South Africans (the vast majority of the population) were forced to live in separate areas from white South Africans and use separate public facilities, and contact between the two groups was limited by law.
• In what year was the Berlin Olympic Games?


  1936
• what happened 13th May 1931


  IOC awarded the 1936 summer olympics to Berlin

  first return of German to international community since WW1
• Who was Hitler's head of propaganda?

  Goebbels
• What was the political exploitation of the Berlin 1936 Olympic Games?

  Third Reich ideology
• What was the political exploitation of the Berlin 1936 Olympic Games (detail)?

  Hitler and the Nazi party as a stage for political propaganda for the Third Reich - an ideology that viewed Germany as a superior 'empire'

  Germany team trained full-time = stretching the ideal of the Olympics being essentially an amateur competition

  Anti-Jewish posters present around Germany before the games were removed to avoid controversy and upset
• What did Hitler refuse to do at the Berlin Olympic Games?

  To place gold medals around Jesse Owns neck (African-American) after he beat the German athlete Luz Long in the long jump
• Who was Luz Long?

  Demonstrated the Aryan Race - 6 time German long jump champion and he was the first to congratulate Owens when the long jump final was over
• Berlin 1936 who was involved and how

  Germany team trained full time for the olympics - stretching the ideal of the Olympics being essentially an amateur competition
• Who was Jesse Owens?

  African-American sprinter and long jumper - he was the most famous athlete in the world at that time and won 4 gold medals at the 1936 Olympics
• why was the exploitation in Berlin carried out

  show German superiority, demonstrate German efficiency

  third reich
• When was the Olympics in Mexico City?


  1968
• What was the main focus on the Mexico City Olympic Games in 1968?

  The Black Power demonstration
• What was the political exploitation of the Mexico City Olympic Games in 1968?

  Raise awareness of discrimination (racial inequality)

  - African-Americans were able to protest to the world when 2 black athletes used a medal ceremony to protest about the lack of civil rights in the USA.
• Who was Peter Norman?

  Australian silver medalist who wore a human rights badge to show solidarity and he ostracised from his country and this lead to no sprinters from Australia in 1972. He also encourage Tommie and John to perform the black power salute - (friendship)
• What happened to Peter Norman for the following Olympics?


  He wasn't selected in 1972 for next Olympics

  - no sprinters from Australia in 1972 as warning for athlete to not make political protests
• What policy was introduced during the time of the Mexico Olympics?

  White Australia policy
• Why was South Africa's invitation to the Mexico City Olympic Games 1968 withdrawn?

  Because of other countries threatening to boycott the games due to its apartheid regime
• The Mexico City Olympic Games was the first games in?

  Latin America - brake in characteristic for the Olympic Games
• What did Tommie Smith and John Carlos do in the 1968 Mexico City Olympics?

  They raised black-gloved fists (political protest when they went onto the podium to receive their medals won gold and silver) - a gesture called the black power salute and to demonstrate the black power notion - raised wrist civil rights - courage and excellence
• What happened to Tommie Smith and John Carlos?

  They were suspended and brought shame on USA - authorities in USA saw it has a disgraceful behaviour - fists in air
• When were African-Americans able to protest to the world?

  When Tommie and John used the medal ceremony to protest about the lack of civil rights in the USA
• When Tommie and John wore black socks and no shoes what did this represent?


  Image of black power and black poverty

  - native population voice strangled - no freedom of speech (equality)
• Why did Carlos unzip his jacket?

  To show solidarity with all blue-collar workers in the US
• Why did Carlos wear a necklace of beads?

  For those individuals that were lynched, or killed and that no-one said a prayer for, that were hung and tarred
• In what year was the Munich Olympic Games?


  1972
• What happened at the Munich 1972 Olympic Games?

  A day before the Games, 8 Palestinian terrorists entered the Olympic village and seized 11 Israeli athletes + coaches

  - 2 killed - hostage series of event

  - helicopter called to Olympic village took terrorists to Munich Airport, here there was a Botched arrest (failed attempt to release) - 11 people dead by grenade explosion and kidnappers had possession of machine guns
• What political request did the terrorists make?

  To release 234 Palestinians imprisoned in Israel
• What happened when the German authorities attempted to rescue these Palestinian hostages?

  all hostages and 5 terrorists were killed