Shortened Biology Content

• Topics covered


  • Cell biology
  • Organization
  • Infection and response
  • Bioenergetics
• Eukaryotic cells


  Consist of plant cells and animal cells
• Prokaryotic cells


  Bacterial cells
• Magnification


  Image size / Actual size
• Advantages and disadvantages of microscopes

  • Light microscopes: Easy to use, cheap
  • Electron microscopes: Better magnification and resolution
• Stem cells


  Undifferentiated cells with potential to transform into specialized cells
• Specialized cells


  Nerve cells, sperm cells, egg cells, brain cells, muscle cells
• Mitosis


  One cell dividing into two identical daughter cells
• Diffusion


  Movement from high to low concentration
• Osmosis


  Movement from high to low concentration
• Active transport


  Movement from low to high concentration
• Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems

  Hierarchical organization of living things
• Lock and key model

  Describes how enzymes work
• Enzymes in the digestive system

  • Protease
  • Carbohydrase
  • Lipase
• Digestive system


  1. Mouth

  2. Esophagus

  3. Stomach

  4. Small intestine

  5. Large intestine

  6. Rectum
• Food tests are important to know
• Circulatory system


  Heart with 4 chambers, arteries, veins, capillaries
• Xylem


  Transports water from roots to rest of plant
• Phloem


  Transports food up and down the plant
• Communicable disease


  Disease that can be spread between people
• Pathogen types


  • Bacteria
  • Protists
  • Fungi
  • Virus
• Ways to prevent disease spread

  • Staying hygienic
  • Self-isolation
  • Vaccination
• Lines of defense against disease

  • Physical barriers (skin, hair, mucus, stomach acid)
  • Phagocytosis by white blood cells
  • Lymphocytes making antibodies and memory cells
• Drug development


  3 phases of testing for safety and efficacy
• Photosynthesis


  Process where plants use light, CO2 and water to produce glucose and oxygen
• Respiration


  Process where organisms use glucose and oxygen to produce CO2 and water
• Metabolism


  Sum of all chemical reactions in the body
• Aerobic respiration


  Respiration with oxygen
• Anaerobic respiration


  Respiration without oxygen, leads to oxygen debt