Geography whole spec

• What is fatalism? the idea that people cannot influence or shape the outcome, therefore nothing can be done to mitigate the event.
• What are the 3 types of natural hazard? - geophysical - atmospheric - hydrological
• Give examples of geophysical hazards. - volcanic activity - seismic events (earthquakes) - wildfires - tsunamis
• Give an example of an atmospheric hazard. tropical storms
• Give an example of a hydrological hazard. floods
• What are natural hazards? natural events that are a threat to humans.
• Why do people put themselves at risk from natural hazards? - hazard events are unpredictable - lack of alternatives due to social, political, economic and cultural factors - changing levels of risk - benefits outweigh the risks
• What is the main factor affecting the damage caused by a natural hazard? wealth
• Why are rich countries less at risk from the impacts of natural hazards? because they have the money to prepare for hazards
• Give examples of how rich societies are protected against hazards. - earthquake resistant buildings - sea defences - early warning systems - better emergency services - better preparation and education
• Give an example of how poor societies are more vulnerable to hazards than rich societies in the same area. Due to urban growth, poorer people are forced to live in cheap hazard areas including steep hillsides and low lying areas.
• What are primary effects? The effects that result directly from the natural hazard.
• What are secondary effects? the results of the primary effects.
• What is resilience? The sustained ability of a community to utilise available resources to respond, withstand and recover from the effects of a natural hazard.
• What is community preparedness/risk sharing? prearranged measures that aim to reduce the loss of life and property with the provision of evacuation, medical aid, food, water, shelter and insurance
• What is integrated risk management? considering the social, economic and political factors involved, including risk analysis, determining the acceptability of the damage and actions to be taken to minimise damage.
• Give the steps involved in integrated risk management. - identification of the hazard - analysis of the risk - establishing priorities - treating the risk - implementing a risk reduction plan - developing public awareness - monitoring and reviewing the system
• What are the 3 Ps? prediction, prevention and protection
• What is the name of the disaster management agency in the US? Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)
• What happens in the 'pre-disaster' section of the disaster risk management cycle? - risk assessment - mitigation/prevention - preparedness
• What happens in the 'response' section of the disaster risk management cycle? - warning/evacuation - saving people - providing immediate assistance - assessing damage
• What happens in the 'post-disaster' section of the disaster risk management cycle? - ongoing assistance - restoration of infrastructural services - reconstruction and relocation - economic and social recovery - ongoing development activities - risk assessment - mitigation/prevention
• What is the order of the 4 stages in the Park impact/response model? - pre-disaster - relief - rehabilitation - reconstruction
• How long does the relief stage last in the Park model? hours-days
• How long does the rehabilitation stage last in the Park model? days-weeks
• How long does the reconstruction stage last in the Park model? weeks-years
• What does distribution mean? refers to the coverage of a hazard
• What does frequency mean? the distribution of the hazard throughout time
• What does magnitude mean? the size of the impact
• What is the lithosphere? the rigid outer part of the earth, consisting of the crust and upper mantle
• What is the asthenosphere? The upper layer of the mantle, below the lithosphere.
• What are the two types of crust? oceanic and continental
• How thick is continental crust? 30-70km
• How old is continental crust? over 1300 million years old
• What is heavier, oceanic or continental crust? oceanic crust
• What is the density of continental crust? 2.6 g dm-3
• What is contintental crust composed of? silica and aluminium (SiAl)
• How thick is oceanic crust? 6-10km
• How old is oceanic crust? less than 200 million years old
• What is the density of oceanic crust? 3.0 g dm-3