Module 2

• Global South


  All the countries south of the equator in the Southern hemisphere, also called the "Developing World"
• Countries in the Global South

  • Countries in Africa
  • Countries in Latin America
  • Some developing countries in Asia
• The Global South includes nearly 157 of a total of 184 recognized states in the world and many have limited resources
• Third World


  A phrase used to describe the developing countries, including the newly created independent countries of Africa and the countries of Asia that became independent after World War II
• The leaders of the Third World countries came together at Bandung, Indonesia in 1955 to organize a movement that would not be aligned between the First World and the Second World
• The Third World later joined by the countries of Latin America
• Global South


  Includes the Caribbean, South America, and parts of Asia, sharing common economic and political problems and issues
• The countries in Africa, and most of Asia- known as the Global South- face challenges and offer real opportunities
• Political, social, and economic changes are prevalent in the countries of the Global South
• The populations of the Global South and their markets offer hopes for economic growth, investment, and cultural contribution
• Global South


  A concept with three important definitions: 1) used within intergovernmental developmental organizations originated in the Non-Aligned Movement to refer to economically disadvantaged nation-states, 2) a deteriorating geography to account for conquered peoples within the borders of developed countries, 3) a resistant imaginary of a transnational political subject that results from a shared experience of subjugation under contemporary global capitalism
• Third World


  Countries that did not align with either the First World or Second World countries after World War II, described as less developed countries
• Globalization has increased inequality in developing nations between the rich and the poor, and the benefit of globalization is not universal as it makes the rich richer and the poor poorer
• Colonialism


  1. European explorers spread throughout the Americas, Africa, and Asia claiming lands for Europe

  2. Exploitation of both natural and human resources

  3. Slave trade between Africa, the American and Caribbean colonies, and Europe

  4. Shift from human resources to natural resources as the focus of colonialism
• In 1870, only 10% of Africa was colonized, and only Ethiopia and Liberia were not colonized in 1940
• European countries took control of land and raw materials to send wealth back to the west, and most colonies lasted until the 1960s, with the last British colony, Hong Kong, being granted independence in 1997
• Economic policy changes in Latin America after 1945

  1. Economic shocks brought by the depression and two world wars

  2. Strength of nationalism

  3. Shift towards internal development and away from outward orientation

  4. Emphasis on economic diversification and import substitution industrialization

  5. Calls for economic integration among Latin American countries

  6. Recommendations for internal structural reforms including land reform
• In the small Caribbean and Central American republics and some of the poorer and smaller South American countries, the governments still hesitated to promote manufacturing at the expense of traditional primary commodities
• In countries accounting for a disproportionate share of Latin America's population and gross domestic product, the approach of protective tariffs, official preferences, and subsidies received full play, leading to a rise in the output of intermediate and capital goods
• New, non-traditional primary commodity exports from Latin America

  • Columbian cut flowers
  • Columbian illegal narcotics trade
• The last two decades of the 20th century witnessed an economic crisis in Latin America, caused by external factors and domestic mismanagement, leading countries to put their trust in neoliberal approaches favouring a free flow of trade and investment and reduction of role of the state as recommended by International Monetary Fund