social 7 final exam

• Culture


  A way of life that is shared by a group of people, including beliefs, traditions, etc.
• Indigenous


  The first people that settle in an area of land
• Decision making by consensus

  To discuss an issue until they can agree on a final outcome
• 4 key elements of worldview that many First Nations societies have in common

  • People are not separate from the non-living world/nature. Everything on earth is connected to everything else.
  • The Elders' wisdom and experience is highly valued and respected.
  • A spiritual world exists, and it plays a significant role in all that happens on Earth.
  • People must live in harmony with each other and in balance with nature.
• 4 reasons why the imperial countries of Europe wanted to expand their empires

  • Economics: They had set up colonies in order to claim the resources of the land, so that they could create lots of profit to grow their economics.
  • Competition: Each country wanted to control more colonies in order to have more "power/glory".
  • Religion: They wanted to spread the word of God if they could expand their empires.
  • Curiosity: They wanted to expand in order to see what exists past their "known world" and past where they could see.
• Mercantilism


  1. The colony would give the home country raw materials and resources such as lumber, fur, fish, ores, etc.

  2. The home country would give the colony finished goods in return, such as guns, and they would also send settlers and soldiers to the colony as well. The home country could also send finished goods to other countries in order to gain profit.
• Positive effects of colonization on the First Nations people of North America


  • The First Nations were offered goods: food, guns, knives, and kettles.
  • There were also other positive effects.
• Negative effects of colonization on the First Nations people of North America

  • The First Nations faced slavery, diseases, loss of land, and loss of culture.
  • There were also other negative effects.
• Acadians


  Francophone citizens of Acadia who settled in present-day Nova Scotia
• Coureurs de bois


  The "runners of the woods" who lived for long amounts of time amongst First Nations groups in North America, usually marrying First Nation women, and becoming translators/interpreters and guides for the Europeans
• The King of France gave trade monopolies to merchants in New France because he knew that a colony far from home would be too expensive for him to build/support. This led to the king giving New France trade monopolies to merchants, which meant that the merchants would be able to trade for furs within the colony. In return, the merchants agreed to build settlements in N. America and find French citizens to live in them.
• Members of the Sovereign Council

  • Governor: they were the most powerful member, representing the King of France in the colony, in charge of defense and relations
  • Intendant: they were the second most powerful, similar to a mayor
  • Bishop: they were the head of the church, involved in politics and education
• The Treaty of Utrecht made it so that France would keep Cape Breton, and Britain would be given Hudson Bay lands, Acadia (Nova Scotia) and Newfoundland.
• The British built a fort called "Halifax" in Chebucto in order to secure their territory.
• How the First Nations people participated in the fur trade

  • The FN men would hunt and trap animals.
  • The FN women would skin animals and prepare pelts.
  • Later in the spring, they would load canoes and travel to trading posts to trade furs for goods.
• How the British people participated in the fur trade

  • Two companies were made: Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) and North West Company (NWC). They both wanted to make money.
  • They traded for furs at their posts.
  • They had First Nations run the posts, and the FNs found it to be beneficial.
  • The NWC used French techniques for the fur trade, and began to become allies with FNs. Voyageurs also worked with the NWC.
  • 1821: HBC bought NWC.
• How the French people participated in the fur trade

  • Their entire economy was based off of the fur trade, and it led to many new industries being created.
  • Jean Baptiste Colbert, Jean Talon, and Governor Frontenac were appointed officials that helped with the French king's plan in the fur trade.
  • The increasing profits of the fur trade helped other parts of the economy grow.
  • Their fur trade depended on boats in order to carry boats.
  • They were in control of the fur trade along the St. Lawrence and Great Lakes.
• Ethnocentrism


  One point of view that judges other cultures due to their personal values and standards, and they would usually believe their own culture is superior
• Positive effects of the fur trade on the First Nations people


  • They got to make lots of trades with the Europeans for things they wanted (furs, tools, etc).
  • They made allies with many people.
• Negative effects of the fur trade on the First Nations people


  • Led to different conflicts with different people.
  • It interrupted their traditional ways of life at points.
• Barter system


  The exchange of goods for other goods, based on the respect between trading groups
• Names of the two major fur trade companies in North America

  • Hudson's Bay Company
  • The North West Company
• Why Hudson Bay was important to the British fur trade


  • They had built their forts along Hudson's Bay.
  • Hudson Bay was near the giant fur supply of the northern forests.
  • There were lots of rivers flowing into Hudson Bay, which could be used as good transportation methods.
  • Supply ships could deliver large amounts of supplies directly to the English forts. It would be faster to the English's forts, than to the French's.
• Goal of the Hudson's Bay Company


  To make money
• Governor Frontenac changed the way the French traded furs in New France because of diseases, and conflicts. He sent the coureurs de bois into the interior in order to create trading posts there, before the English did.
• Reasons why the British were unhappy with their land claims in North America prior to the Seven Years War


  • They wanted to move into the interior of N. America.
  • They needed more area for farming for their increasing population.
  • They wanted control over the fisheries.
  • They wanted to trade with the FNs in the interior of N. America.
• The Acadians were deported because they refused to swear loyalty to the British. Acadia was controlled by the British, and the British wanted the area to be filled with people who spoke English. The Acadians were given an ultimatum, which was to either swear loyalty to Britain or be deported. The Acadians promised not to fight against the British, but they did not swear loyalty to the British (which is why they got deported).
• Effects of the Royal Proclamation on British North America

  • Quebec became much smaller.
  • A system of British laws and courts replaced the French system.
  • The government consisted of a governor, appointed by Britain, and an appointed council of advisors.
  • The Catholic Church lost its ability to tithe, and Catholics were not allowed to sit on the council of advisors or to hold senior jobs in government.
• Effects of the Quebec Act on British North America

  • Quebec was expanded back to the size it had used to be.
  • Lots of the land that was set aside for First Nations became part of Quebec.
  • French language rights were recognized.
  • The French seigneurial system remained in place.
  • Catholics were given freedom of religion, and they were allowed to have government jobs.
  • The French civil law would be used to handle property, inheritance, and/or disputes.
  • The Catholic Church received the ability to tithe again.
• Reasons why the Thirteen Colonies were upset with Britain

  • They could only trade with Britain.
  • They had to pay high taxes on British imports (like tea).
  • They wanted control over their own affairs.
  • The Quebec Act gave the Ohio River Valley to Quebec (which they really wanted), rather than the Thirteen Colonies.
• United Empire Loyalists


  Individuals that remained loyal to Britain during the rebellion in the Thirteen Colonies, who had to leave the colonies because the patriots (those involved in the rebellion) began to treat the loyalists as traitors
• The French Canadians supported the British for many reasons, but one of them is the Quebec Act of 1774. This Act supported the French Canadians, and it led to the Canadiens supporting the British for protecting their rights and heritage.
• The Constitutional Act was created because of the loyalists coming into Quebec. Most of them were English speaking with their own traditions, and they wanted to keep their British heritage, which led to the British agreeing. Results: it divided Quebec into two - Upper Canada (English-speaking), and Lower Canada (French-speaking). This let French and English cultures exist together.
• Chief Tecumseh's role in the War of 1812


  Leading his people in battle alongside the British, fighting against the Americans
• The War of 1812 ended in 1814, in a deadlock (where no more further progress can be made).
• Effects of the War of 1812 on British North America

  • The Treaty of Ghent: both sides return any territory they gained, and the 49th parallel (the political boundary between what is now the USA and Canada) was created.
• How the Great Migration affected British North America


  • It opened up large areas for farming.
  • New industries began to come out (mining and logging).
  • Towns were created to serve the needs of communities.
  • Lots of new jobs were created, such as laborers, servants, doctors, teachers, loggers, and miners.
  • These new migrates strengthened the British identity in BNA.
• Lord Durham's two recommendations after his visit to British North America


  • Unite Upper and Lower Canada into a single colony.
  • Grant the colonies a responsible government.
• The Act of Union (1841) had created a single colony with two provinces: Lower Canada turned into Canada East, and Upper Canada turned into Canada West. Results: it made English the only official language of government. This Act was an attempt to get rid of the French language in Quebec by Lord Durham.
• Provinces that were the first to join Confederation

  • Province of Canada (divided into Ontario and Quebec)
  • New Brunswick
  • Nova Scotia