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• Culture


  The totality of socially transmitted pattern of thoughts, values, meanings, and beliefs
• Contributory factors to Filipino Culture

  • Malays
  • Chinese
  • Indian
  • Hindi
  • Spanish
  • Americans
• Filipino culture


  • Involves two important influential factors: Belief System and Value System
• Belief System


  Filipinos are believers of religion, they believe so much on supernatural powers and viewed themselves as only a speck in this wide universe. Success is considered a blessing from above, as a result of good luck and faith. Good is considered relative. Happiness and success differ from one person to another. Hospitality is practiced.
• Value System


  Cultural values are shared assumptions of what is right, good or important. Guide man's behavior and action as he relates himself in most situations in life. Majority of Filipinos value more their honor (karangalan) rather than wealth.
• Culture is inscribed in our bodies and in our minds
• The relationship of culture and health is important to understand as it impacts an individual's worldview and decision-making process
• Seven common Filipino cultural beliefs

  • namamana
  • lihi
  • sumpa
  • gaba
  • pasma
  • namaligno
  • kaloob ng Diyos
• The Traditional Concept


  • Filipino culture was developed due to the conglomeration of the physical, intellectual, moral and spiritual aspects
• The Nationalistic View


  • Culture is the summation of the needs of people, the description of their past and present condition, an expression of their values, thoughts and emotions, and the depiction of their historic struggles too liberate themselves
• Cultural Dualism


  • The Philippines is a transitional society dominated on one side by the traditional culture and on the other side by the modern culture
• Utang-na-loob


  A technique of reciprocity of debt of gratitude to others within the family circle or primary group, sometimes unlimited in nature, emotional rather than financial or rational. It is a sign of marginal economy where no place is available in bargaining, formal agreements, written contracts, specific rights and responsibilities.
• Pakikisama


  Closely related to utang-na-loob. It is the value of belongingness and loyalty to the small in-group with sensitivity to the feelings of others on the principle of "give and take." It is a folk concept of good public relations and avoidance of conflict with the leader or majority of the groups.
• Hiya


  Controls a large extent the behavior of the individual. Dependent on others will think, say and do. Because of hiya, a Filipino cannot say "NO" even it is against his will to do what is being requested.
• Bahala na


  A common expression among Filipinos that rests on the fatalistic outlook and strong dependence on the "spirits" who will take care of everything if they are really meant for a person.
• Authoritarianism


  The dependence of the Filipinos in a paternalistic rather than in a stern way upon the elders of the family, upon their boss, if employed, and upon people in authority as their father figure. Commonly practiced in the Filipino family, which is basically patriarchal in nature. The father is seen as the head that makes major decisions affecting the family.
• Individualism


  A pattern of behavior which characterizes the Filipino as self-centered. The desire to make a name for himself becomes the primary motivation for success.
• Amor-propio


  An individual's highly emotional reaction to protect his honor and dignity when they are threatened or questioned and to retaliate. Common forms of this are "hele hele bago quiere" or pakipot which shows a person initially refusing an offer even if he wants very much to accept it.
• Health Decision


  In decision-making, the Filipinos usually consult and take into consideration the consensus of the family members as the feelings of those who are to be affected. That is why in health decision making the familial values and influence is taken into consideration.
• Health in the Filipino setting


  A combination of maturative processes or development in correspondence to the ability to function properly or to be active. Being either Thin (Payat) or Mataba/taba (Fat) are not considered as healthy, but not necessarily ill.
• Illness


  A single instance of "being sick", the human experiencing of disease
• Disease


  A diagnostic category, a conceptual entity which classifies particular illnesses, symptoms or pathological components of illnesses or stages of illnesses, an abstract biological-medical conception of pathological abnormalities in people's bodies
• Sakit


  In Philippine society, only one word exists to describe such phenomena - "Sakit". The term "sakit" is closer to the meaning of illness than to disease. In many cases, ailments or illnesses are culture-specific. Sakit can mean pain in several contexts (e.g. sakit ng ulo, sakit ng tiyan) and has different degrees (e.g. hapdi for a stinging type; kirot for a sharp, recurrent type; antak for internal, continuous stinging type). Diagnosis involves the culmination of a process of observing signs and eliciting symptoms that are graded in terms of seriousness (often associated with level of physical activity one can still exert). A normally strong person who suddenly feels weak is said to have the beginnings of an illness, and this weakness is close to the English term lethargic. Persistence of lethargy, accompanied by other symptoms, are monitored by family and friends but the term MAY SAKIT will only be used when the person is unable to perform physical tasks (common criterion: bed-ridden).
• Filipino Ways to Manage Illness


  1. Illness is considered mild/slight at first notice, patient is rarely given treatment during this stage.

  2. The gravity of the sickness will only be taken into notice when patient starts to suffer more and more.

  3. If one complains of pain or great itching, this is the first stage of malaise. If symptom continues over a considerable period of time accompanied by the intensifying of the symptom, the patient and the family sees the sickness as serious.

  4. If patient starts to stay in bed than continuing with his daily routine, this is considered as another stage of severity.

  5. Filipinos consider CRYING as the surest indicator of severity.
• Medication by Western Countries


  • Some illnesses are more than just physical. More health professionals are starting to recognize the important role of social relationships in determining health and disease. "Syndrome" is slowly becoming a popular term in medical literature but still reflects the need to delimit the qualifiers used by the western-oriented medical system. Some illnesses/ailments cannot and should not be immediately appropriated into biomedical or psychiatric pathology. Some physicians quickly label some problems as medical, when some are actually more philosophical in nature. Few health professionals have the ability to see that some "problems" may actually be part of a healthy process of an individual's mental, emotional, and social development. Therefore, immediately attaching medical labels and treatment on such conditions may be detrimental as it medicalizes life's processes.
• Theories of Illness Causation in the Philippines


  • Mystical Causes
  • Personalistic Causes
  • Naturalistic Causes
• Mystical Causes


  Attributed to experiences or behaviors such as ancestral retribution for unfinished tasks or obligations. Some believe that the soul goes out from the body and wanders, a phenomenon known as Bangungot, or that having nightmares after a heavy meal may result in death.
• Personalistic Causes


  Associated with social punishment or retribution from supernatural forces such as evil spirit, witch (Manga ga mud) or sorcerer (mangkukulam). The forces cast these spells on people if they are jealous or feel disliked. Witch doctors (Herbularyo) or priests are asked to counteract and cast out these evil forces through the use of prayers, incantations, medicinal herbs and plants. For protection the healer may recommend using holy oils, or wearing religious objects, amulets or talismans (anting anting).
• Naturalistic Causes


  Include a host of factors ranging from natural forces (thunder, lightning, drafts, etc.) to excessive stress, food and drug incompatibility, infection, or familial susceptibility.
• Concept of Balance (Timbang)


  This concept is central to Filipino self-care practices and is applied to all social relationships and encounters. According to this principle, health is thought to be a result of balance, while illness due to humoral pathology and stress is usually the result of some imbalance. Rapid shifts from "hot" to "cold" cause illness and disorder. A range of humoral balances that influence Filipino health perceptions include: rapid shifts from "hot" to "cold" lead to illness; "warm" environment is essential for maintaining optimal health; cold drinks or cooling foods should be avoided in the morning; an overheated body is vulnerable to disease; a heated body can get "shocked"; when cooled quickly, it can cause illness; a layer of fat maintains warmth, protecting the body's vital energy; imbalance from worry and overwork create stress and illness; emotional restraint is a key element in restoring balance; a sense of balance imparts increased body awareness.