Grade 10 Science

• Grade 9 Review


  • Alkaline Metals (Group 1)
  • Alkaline earth metals (Group 2)
  • Halogens (Group 7)
  • Noble Gases (Group 8)
• Alkaline Metals


  Lose 1 electron, shiny, soft, conduct electricity, very reactive with oxygen and water, very reactive to group 7 elements, poisonous - react with water to form bases, mainly solids at room temperature
• Alkaline earth metals


  Lose 2 electrons, shiny, conduct electricity, less reactive with water and oxygen, will react with water to form bases, considered to be far less poisonous than Alkaline metals, mainly solids at room temperature
• Halogens


  Gain 1 electron, very reactive with water and oxygen, react with water to form acids, usually gasses or liquids
• Noble Gases


  Non-reactive, fully valence shells, colorless, odorless gasses
• Physical changes can be reversed with another physical change, while chemical changes cannot be reversed
• Signs of a chemical change include release of bubbles, change of colour, production of an odor, release of heat and light, production of loud sounds, and creation of a solid
• Protons


  Have a mass of 1 a.m.u and a positive charge, located in the nucleus
• Electrons


  Have a negligible mass and a negative charge, located in shells/orbits
• Neutrons


  Have a mass of 1 a.m.u and no charge, located in the nucleus
• Atoms exchange or share valence electrons to achieve a full shell by the octet rule, which states that atoms are in their most stable state with full valence shells
• Chemical Bond


  A relationship formed between two atoms via sharing or exchanging valence electrons to achieve a full valence shell which joins them together in a molecule
• Ionic Bonds


  Formed when atoms exchange electrons to achieve a full outer shell, atoms gain or lose electrons to form atoms and then become negatively or positively charged
• Molecular Compounds


  Formed when atoms share electrons, can only be formed between two nonmetals, bond is called a covalent bond
• Ionic Compound Naming


  Word name: Sodium chloride, Chemical name or symbol: NaCl, Numbers in subscript determine the number of atoms of each symbol or element
• Polyatomic Ions


  Compounds that contain oxygen and are created through molecular bonds, behave like a single unit
• Multivalent Ions


  Metal atoms that can have two different charges due to their flexibility in losing electrons, charge is indicated through roman numerals
• Molecular Compound Naming


  Use prefixes mono, di, tri etc. before the chemical name, second element ends in ide while the first one uses the normal name
• Chemical equations must be balanced so the same number of each atom is on both sides
• Types of Reactions


  • Synthesis
  • Decomposition
  • Single displacement
  • Double displacement
  • Neutralization
• Combustion Reactions


  Complete combustion: hydrocarbon and oxygen gas react to form CO2 and H2O, Incomplete combustion: produce CO and H2O instead of CO2 and H2O
• Acids


  Have hydrogen as the first chemical in their name, e.g. HCl for hydrochloric acid
• Bases


  Have hydroxide as the second chemical in their name, e.g. NaOH for sodium hydroxide
• Polyatomic Acids


  Do not have "hydro" in their word name, use the name of the polyatomic ion ending in "ic" or "ous"
• pH Scale


  Measures acidity, goes from 1-14 with substances under 7 being acidic and above 7 being basic, substances with pH of 7 are neutral, one step on the scale means a substance is 10 times more or less acidic
• Neutralization is a double displacement reaction when an acid and a base are mixed to create a neutral substance and water
• Cell Types


  • Eukaryotic cells
  • Prokaryotic cells
• Eukaryotic Cells


  Have a nucleus that encloses their DNA, examples include plant and animal cells
• Prokaryotic Cells


  Do not enclose their DNA, DNA is floating freely inside the cells, no nucleus, example is bacteria cells
• Endosymbiotic theory states that some large cells "consumed" other bacteria, and the consumed bacteria remained intact and began to live in symbiosis
• Plant vs Animal Cell Organelles

  • Plant-only: Chloroplast, Cell wall

  Animal-only: Centrioles
• Cell Organelle Functions


  • Cell wall

  Cell membrane

  Nucleus

  Ribosomes

  Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

  Golgi Body

  Vesicles

  Lysosomes

  Vacuoles

  Mitochondria

  Chloroplasts
• Cell theory states that all living things are made up of cells
• The cell cycle is important as it is how cells reproduce and ensures DNA from one cell is copied into another
• Lysosome


  Specialized vesicle that contains digestive enzymes/acid that acts like the stomach of the cell to digest food or break down waste
• Vacuoles


  Specialized storage vesicles. Larger in plants due to turgor pressure
• Mitochondria


  Think of it as a battery. Its structure is again, a water balloon with highly folded membrane inside. This is necessary to create concentration gradients that the mitochondria uses to create energy
• Mitochondria


  Convert the molecule glucose into another molecule called ATP (adenosine triphosphate) that cells can actually use as energy
• Chloroplast


  Converts sunlight into ATP which is then used by the plant to create glucose for storage
• Cell theory


  • All living things are made up of cells