Anatomy

• Anatomy


  Study of the body's structure
• Gross anatomy


  • Larger studies, visible without a microscope
• Microscopic anatomy


  • Study of cells and tissues requires a microscope
• Physiology


  The study of the functions of the body
• Levels of organisation


  • Chemical - atoms molecules and particles
  • Cellular - smallest functioning unit
  • Tissues - group of similar cells working together
  • Organ - distinct structures composed of different tissues
  • Organ system - organs working together to meet physiological needs
  • Organism
• Homeostasis


  Body maintains stability by monitoring internal conditions
• Types of feedback


  • Negative feedback - always working
  • Positive feedback - only occurs when needed, e.g. childbirth
• Anatomical positions


  • 4
• Serous membrane


  Lines pericardium cavity, allows heart and bladder to move
• Organization of living things

  • Atoms - smallest units of matter
  • Molecules - chemical structure formed by at least two atoms
  • Macromolecules - large molecules formed by combining smaller units of matter
  • Organelles - biomolecules surrounded by membranes within a cell
  • Cells - the smallest most fundamental unit in a living thing
  • Tissues - groups of similar cells carrying out the same function
  • Organs - 2 or more tissues types group together based on common function
  • Organ systems - high level of organization consisting of functionally related organs
  • Organism - living thing
• Cell membrane


  Encases the cell, protects the cell, regulates what enters and leaves the cell, semi-permeable
• Main cell components


  • Nucleus - control center
  • Cytoplasm - jelly-like fluid that organs fit into
• Ribosomes


  • Site of protein synthesis
• Endoplasmic reticulum


  • RER & SER
• Lysosomes


  • Break down waste
• Cytoskeleton


  • Provides intracellular support and shape
• Centrolioles


  • Help separate chromosomes during mitosis
• Golgi apparatus


  • Where protein gets finished
• Types of transportation


  • Passive (downhill) - diffusion, osmosis
  • Active (uphill) - active transport, filtration, endocytosis, exocytosis
• Epithelial cells multiply
• Scab detaches
• Stem cells do not have a role
• Epithelial tissue


  • Skin, lines most inner cavities, transports substances, provides protection, absorption, filtration, secretion and transportation, forms like floor tiles
• Types of epithelial tissue

  • Simple layer - single layer
  • Stratified - multilayered
  • Glandular
• Connective tissue


  • In blood, under skin, in bone and around organs, provides connection, support, protection, fat storage and transportation, well vascularized
• Nervous tissue


  • Makes up the brain, spinal cord and nerves, two types of cells: neurons and neuroglia
• Muscle tissue


  • Composed of cells that contract to cause movement, 3 types: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac
• Steps in tissue repair

  • Wound
  • Clot and scab
  • Tissue repair begins
  • Scar tissue forms
• Cellular elements


  • RBC
  • WBC
  • Platelets
• Extracellular matrix


  • Plasma (mainly water - 92%)
  • Protein = Albumin, globulin and fibrinogen
• Membranes


  • Mucous membrane
  • Serous membrane
  • Cutaneous membrane
  • Synovial membrane
• Cardiovascular system


  Blood, heart and vessels
• Functions of blood


  • Transport
  • Regulate
  • Restrict
  • Defend
  • Stabilize
• Oxygenated blood


  Bright red
• Deoxygenated blood


  Dark red
• Plasma


  46-63% of blood
• Formed elements


  37-54% of blood
• pH of blood


  7.35 - 7.45
• Normal body temperature


  37 degrees C
• Hemopoiesis


  Process of replacement of blood