Pharm test 2 drug types

• Penicillins


  A group of antibiotics that contain the β-lactam ring structure and inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis. They are effective against a wide range of bacteria, particularly gram-positive organisms. Examples include Amoxicillin, Clavamox (Amoxicillin/Clavulanate), Ampicillin, and Penicillin G.
• Cephalosporins


  β-lactam antibiotics similar in structure to penicillins but with a broader spectrum of activity, including both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. They inhibit cell wall synthesis. Examples include Cefadroxil, Cefazolin, Cefovecin, and Cephalexin.
• Aminoglycosides


  Antibiotics that inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. They are effective against gram-negative bacteria and some gram-positive bacteria. Examples include Amikacin and Gentamicin.
• Tetracyclines


  Inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the bacterial ribosome. They have a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Doxycycline is a commonly used tetracycline in veterinary medicine.
• Macrolides


  Inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the bacterial ribosome. They are effective against gram-positive bacteria and some gram-negative bacteria. Examples include Azithromycin and Tylosin.
• Lincosamides


  Inhibit bacterial protein synthesis similar to macrolides but have a narrower spectrum of activity. Clindamycin is a commonly used lincosamide in veterinary medicine.
• Amphenicols


  Inhibit bacterial protein synthesis and are effective against a broad range of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Chloramphenicol is a notable example.
• Sulfonamides


  Inhibit bacterial folate synthesis, which is essential for bacterial growth. They have a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Examples include Tribrissen (Trimethoprim/Sulfadiazine) and Sulfadimethoxine.
• Fluoroquinolones


  Inhibit bacterial DNA synthesis by targeting DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV enzymes. They have a broad spectrum of activity against gram-negative and some gram-positive bacteria. Examples include Enrofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Veraflox (Pradofloxacin), and Zeniquin (Marbofloxacin).
• Antifungals


  Medications used to treat fungal infections. They work by inhibiting fungal cell wall synthesis or disrupting fungal cell membranes. Examples include Amphotericin B, Ketoconazole, Itraconazole, Miconazole, and Griseofulvin.
• Antimicrobials


  Encompass a broad category of agents that inhibit or kill microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa. Metronidazole, for instance, is an antimicrobial used to treat anaerobic bacterial infections and certain protozoal infections in veterinary medicine.
• Antiseptics

  Substances that inhibit the growth and development of microorganisms on living tissue. They are used to disinfect wounds, surgical sites, and skin surfaces. Examples include Chlorhexidine and Iodine.
• Antidiarrheals


  Medications used to alleviate diarrhea in animals. They work by various mechanisms such as slowing intestinal motility, absorbing excess water in the gut, or reducing inflammation. Examples include Diphenoxylate, Loperamide, and Aminopentamide.
• Adsorbents


  Substances that bind to toxins or bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract, preventing their absorption and facilitating their elimination from the body. They are used to treat gastrointestinal issues such as diarrhea and toxin ingestion. Examples include Activated charcoal, Bismuth subsalicylate, and Kaolin & Pectin.
• Laxatives and Stool Softeners


  Medications used to promote bowel movements or soften stools to ease defecation. They are used in cases of constipation or to prepare the bowel for certain medical procedures. Examples include Lactulose, Enemas, Docussate sodium, Metamucil, and Laxatone.
• Emetics


  Substances that induce vomiting and are used in cases of accidental ingestion of toxins or foreign objects. They work by stimulating the vomiting center in the brain or irritating the stomach lining. Examples include Apomorphine, Xylazine, Hydrogen peroxide, and Ipecac.
• Antiemetics

  Medications used to prevent or alleviate nausea and vomiting. They work by blocking serotonin receptors, reducing stomach contractions, or acting on the vomiting center in the brain. Examples include Chlorpromazine, Prochlorperazine, Metoclopramide, Dramamine, Diphenhydramine, Meclizine, Ondansetron, and Maropitant citrate.
• H2 Receptor Antagonists

  Block histamine receptors in the stomach, reducing the production of stomach acid. They are used to treat gastric ulcers, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and other conditions associated with excess stomach acid. Examples include Cimetidine, Famotidine, and Ranitidine.
• Proton Pump Inhibitors

  Block the proton pump in the stomach lining, reducing acid production. They are used to treat gastric ulcers, GER, and other acid-related conditions. Examples include Omeprazole.
• Mucosal Protectants

  Coat and protect the gastrointestinal mucosa from acid and irritants, promoting healing and reducing inflammation. They are used to treat gastric ulcers and gastritis. Examples include Sucralfate and Misoprostol.
• Immunosuppressants

  Suppress the immune system to treat autoimmune diseases and prevent organ rejection in transplant patients. In veterinary medicine, they may be used to manage certain immune-mediated conditions. Examples include Azathioprine and Prednisone.
• Digestive Enzymes


  Supplements that contain enzymes to aid in the digestion of food, particularly in animals with pancreatic insufficiency. They help break down nutrients for better absorption. Example: Pancrelipase.
• Anti-Inflammatory

  Reduce inflammation and pain by inhibiting inflammatory mediators. They are used to treat various conditions, including arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. Example: Sulfasalazine.
• Prokinetic Agents

  Stimulate gastrointestinal motility and are used to treat conditions like delayed gastric emptying and reflux. They enhance peristalsis and improve gastrointestinal transit. Examples include Cisapride and Metoclopramide.
• Thyroid Medications


  Used to treat thyroid disorders, including hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, by either supplementing or inhibiting thyroid hormone production. Examples include Levothyroxine, Methimazole, and Thyrotropin (TSH).
• Antidiuretics


  Reduce urine production and promote water retention in the body. They are used to manage conditions like diabetes insipidus and certain types of kidney disease. Examples include Desmopressin acetate and Vasopressin.
• Insulin


  Medications used to manage diabetes mellitus by regulating blood glucose levels. Different types of insulin preparations are available, distinguished by their onset, peak, and duration of action.
• Adrenal Hormones


  Include glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids produced by the adrenal glands. They regulate metabolism, stress response, electrolyte balance, and immune function. Examples include Corticotropin (ACTH), Cosyntropin, Deoxycorticosterone, and Fludrocortisone.
• Hormone Inhibitors


  Block the synthesis or action of specific hormones to treat hormonal disorders or conditions like Cushing's disease. Examples include Ketoconazole, Mitotane, and Selegiline.
• Estrogenic Agents


  Mimic or block the effects of estrogen hormones and are used in hormone replacement therapy or to manage certain reproductive disorders. Example: Diethylstilbestrol.
• Anabolic Steroids


  Promote muscle growth, bone growth, and tissue repair. They may be used therapeutically in veterinary medicine. Example: Stanozolol.