bio11 exam

• Kingdom (K)


  Highest taxonomic rank
• Species (S)


  Lowest taxonomic rank
• Scientific name


  Use the genus and species, either underline or italicize, and the genus is capitalized
• Prokaryotic


  Means "before nucleus"
• Eukaryotic


  Means "true nucleus"
• Examples of prokaryotes


  • Eubacteria
  • Archaea
• Examples of eukaryotes


  • Protist
  • Fungi
  • Plants
  • Animals
• Prokaryotic cells


  • Small (0.1-10 micrometres)
  • DNA not protected by a membrane (often a circular shape)
  • Genome made up of a single chromosome
  • Cells do not use mitosis or meiosis to divide
  • Asexual reproduction is common
  • Multicellular forms are rare
  • Mitochondria and other membrane bound organelles are absent
  • May use anaerobic respiration (do not require O2)
• Eukaryotic cells


  • Larger (10-100 micrometers)
  • DNA is contained in the nucleus, bound by a protective nuclear membrane
  • Genome is made up of several chromosomes
  • Cells divide by the process of mitosis and meiosis
  • Sexual reproduction is common
  • Most forms are multicellular
  • Mitochondria and other membrane bound organelles are present
  • Most use aerobic respiration (require O2)
• Parts of a bacterium

  • Cell wall
  • Cell (cytoplasmic) membrane
  • Pilus
  • Flagellum
  • Capsule
  • Nucleoid
  • Plasmid
  • Ribosome
• Virus


  Non-cellular particles which are not capable of carrying out any life functions and are considered non-living
• Characteristic features of viruses

  • Genetic material (DNA or RNA)
  • Capsid (protein coat which protects the genetic material)
  • Binding sites (allow the virus to latch onto a host cell)
• Bacterial reproduction (asexual)


  1. Binary fission

  2. Endospores
• Bacterial reproduction (sexual)


  1. Transformation

  2. Transduction

  3. Conjugation
• Viral reproduction


  1. Lytic cycle

  2. Lysogenic cycle
• Bacterial shapes


  • Coccus (spherical)
  • Bacillus (rod-shaped)
  • Spirillum (spiral-shaped)
• Conditions required for bacterial growth

  • Base (supportive structure)
  • Nutrients
  • Ideal temperature range
  • Moisture
• Representative organisms for each kingdom

  • Archaea
  • Eubacteria
  • Protista
  • Fungi
  • Plantae
  • Animalia
• Nondisjunction


  Failure of a pair of chromosomes to properly separate during meiosis, resulting in one gamete having too many chromosomes and the other too few
• Monosomy


  Loss of one autosome, does not support life
• Trisomy


  Gain of one autosome, does not support life in most cases, but trisomy conditions of chromosomal pairs #12,13,15,18,21 and 22 can support life
• Haploid


  n (1 set of chromosomes)
• Diploid


  2n (2 sets of chromosomes)
• Autosome


  Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome
• Chromosome abnormalities


  • Trisomy 13 (Patau syndrome)
  • Trisomy 18 (Edwards syndrome)
  • Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome)
  • XXX
  • X (Turner syndrome)
  • XXY (Klinefelter syndrome)
  • XYY
• Genotype is a description of the genetic makeup of an individual (i.e. the allele forms)
• Phenotype is a description of the appearance of an organism, dependent on the genotype and its interaction with the environment
• A karyotype is a display of an individual's chromosomes arranged into homologous pairs to assist in the identification of chromosomal abnormalities
• Theories of evolution


  • Darwin (natural selection)
  • Malthus (population checks)
  • Lamarck (use and disuse, inheritance of acquired characteristics)
  • Lyell (uniformitarianism)
  • Cuvier (catastrophism)
• Characteristics acquired during an organism's lifetime could not be passed to offspring - Inheritance of acquired characteristics
• Though incorrect, the idea of inheritance of acquired characteristics was visionary because it suggested that adaptation to the environment plays a role in evolution
• Lyell


  Principles of Geology, rejected catastrophism
• Uniformitarianism


  The geological processes operated at the same rates in the past as they do today
• Slow, continuous, subtle processes could happen over a long period of time and could result in substantial changes
• Cuvier


  Catastrophism - proposed the idea that earth experienced many destructive events in the past and these events (revolutions) were violent enough to have killed numerous species
• Cuvier found that each stratum (layer of rock) is characterized by a unique group of fossil species, the deeper (older) the stratum, the more dissimilar the plant and animal life are from modern life
• Cuvier found evidence that new species appeared and others disappeared over the passage of time
• Sympatric speciation


  Occurs when populations that live in the same habitat diverge genetically and become reproductively isolated
• Allopatric speciation


  Occurs when populations are separated by a geographical barrier and diverge genetically
• Homologous structures


  Those that have similar structural elements and origin but may have a different function. They originate from a common ancestor