chapter 6 disease

• Pharmacology


  The science of drugs used to prevent, diagnose and treat disease
• Logos


  Discourse in
• Pharmacology deals with the interaction of exogenously administered chemical molecules (drugs) with living systems
• Pharmacology encompasses all aspects of knowledge about drugs
• Pharmacology is relevant to the effective and safe use of drugs for medicinal purposes
• Aesclepius


  • Greek God of Medicine
• History of Pharmacology - Materia Medica

  • Ancient China - use of natural products
  • India - Ayurveda - traditional plant-based treatment
  • Egypt - papyrus listing extensive pharmacopia
• Materia Medica

  The science of drug preparation & the medical use of the drug
• Materia Medica postulated that each disease has a unique cause for which there is a specific remedy, and each remedy has an identifiable nature
• The administration of a remedy is based on testing the amount of drug needed to achieve an effect (dose-response)
• Importance of Pharmacology in Medical Practice

  • Doctors have to prescribe/use drugs necessary for treatment of pathological conditions
  • Patients may be taking drugs that may have other implications or interact with drugs prescribed by the doctor
  • The doctor may have to deal with a medical emergency arising from drug interactions/drug toxicity
• Pharmacodynamics


  What the drug does to the body
• Mechanism of Action


  The action of the drug at molecular targets or enzymes or cellular proteins
• Pharmacological Action


  The effect of the drug on body systems or the physiological response to the drug's mechanism of action
• Pharmacokinetics


  What the body does to the drug
• Pharmacokinetics


  1. Absorption (A)

  2. Distribution (D)

  3. Binding/Localisation/Storage

  4. Biotransformation (M)

  5. Excretion (E)
• Panadol (Paracetamol)


  • Rapidly and completely absorbed orally, attaining peak blood levels at 30-60 min
  • 25% bound to plasma proteins, widely and almost uniformly distributed in the body
  • Extensively metabolised in liver by glucuronide and sulfate conjugation and excreted in urine
  • Plasma half life of 2-3 hrs and clearance of 5ml/kg/min
• Drug


  The single active chemical entity present in a medicine that is used for diagnosis, prevention, treatment/cure of a disease
• Pharmacotherapeutics


  The application of pharmacological information together with knowledge of the disease for its prevention, mitigation or cure
• Chemotherapy


  The treatment of systemic infection/malignancy with specific drugs that have selectivity for the infecting organism/malignant cell with no/minimal effects on host cells
• Pharmacodynamic Agents


  Designed to have pharmacodynamic effects in the recipient
• Chemotherapeutic Agents


  Designed to inhibit/kill invading parasite/malignant cell and have no/minimal pharmacodynamic effects in the recipient
• Chemical Name


  Describes the substance chemically
• Nonproprietary Name


  Name accepted by a competent scientific body/authority
• Proprietary (Brand) Name


  The name assigned by the manufacturer and is his property or trademark
• Drug Nomenclature Example


  • PROPRANOLOL
  • 1-(Isopropylamino)-3-(1-naphthyloxy) propan-2-ol
  • Inderal
• PRN


  Pro re nata [Latin: as the situation demands; whenever needed]
• OD


  Once daily
• BID


  Bis in die means "twice a day"
• TID


  Ter in die means "3 times a day"
• QID


  Quater in die [dē′ā] , a Latin phrase meaning "four times a day"
• Agonist


  Drugs or naturally occurring body substances that cause a measurable response upon binding to the binding site of the appropriate receptor. Can be either excitatory or inhibitory.
• Antagonist


  Drugs that do NOT directly cause a measurable response upon binding to the binding site of the appropriate receptor
• Pharmacology


  The science of drugs used to prevent, diagnose and treat disease
• Logos


  Discourse in
• Pharmacology deals with the interaction of exogenously administered chemical molecules (drugs) with living systems
• Pharmacology encompasses all aspects of knowledge about drugs
• Pharmacology is relevant to the effective and safe use of drugs for medicinal purposes
• Aesclepius


  • Greek God of Medicine
• History of Pharmacology - Materia Medica

  • Ancient China - use of natural products
  • India - Ayurveda - traditional plant-based treatment
  • Egypt - papyrus listing extensive pharmacopia