ANAPHY LEC (Cardiovascular System)

• Blood


  A fluid connective tissue composed of plasma, extracellular matrix, and formed elements, the cells of the tissue
• Functions of blood


  • Transport gases, nutrients, and waste products
  • Transport of processed molecules
  • Transport of regulatory molecules
  • Regulation of pH and osmosis
  • Maintenance of body temperature
  • Protection against foreign substances
  • Clot formation
• pH of blood


  7.35-7.45 (slightly alkaline)
• Viscosity of blood


  About 5 times as viscous as water
• Temperature of blood


  About 38°C
• Volume of blood


  Approximately 8% of body weight (i.e. approximately 5 liters of blood in an average-sized, 60-kilogram person)
• Hematopoiesis


  The process that produces formed elements (blood cells and cell fragments)
• Formed elements of blood

  • Red blood cells
  • White blood cells
  • Platelets
• Hematopoietic stem cells


  The single population of cells from which all the formed elements of blood are derived
• Red blood cells


  • Disk-shaped, with edges that are thicker than the center of the cell
  • Production is stimulated by low blood O2 levels
• White blood cells


  • Spherical cells that lack hemoglobin
  • Responsible for protection against invading microorganisms and pathogens and removal of dead cells and debris
• Platelets


  • Minute fragments of cells, each consisting of a small amount of cytoplasm surrounded by a cell membrane
  • Produced in the red bone marrow from large cells called megakaryocytes
• Hemostasis


  The mechanism that leads to cessation of bleeding from a blood vessel
• Hemostasis


  1. Vascular spasm

  2. Platelet plug formation

  3. Blood clotting
• Vascular spasm


  An immediate but temporary constriction of a blood vessel that results when smooth muscle within the wall of the blood vessel contracts
• Platelet plug formation


  1. Platelet adhesion

  2. Platelet release reaction

  3. Platelet aggregation
• Blood clotting


  1. Prothrombinase production

  2. Thrombin production

  3. Fibrin production
• Blood groups


  A classification of blood based on the presence or absence of inherited antigenic substances on the surface of red blood cells
• ABO blood group system


  The primary method for classifying blood groups, categorising blood based on the presence or absence of A and B antigens on red blood cells
• ABO blood groups


  • A
  • B
  • AB
  • O
• Antibodies in ABO blood group system


  • Type A individuals have anti-B antibodies
  • Type B individuals have anti-A antibodies
  • Type AB individuals have neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies
  • Type O individuals have both anti-A and anti-B antibodies
• Rh factor


  A group of proteins embedded in the membranes of red blood cells, if present it is Rh positive, if absent it is Rh negative
• Blood types


  • A positive
  • A negative
  • B positive
  • B negative
  • AB positive
  • AB negative
  • O positive
  • O negative
• Genetics of blood types

  Blood type is established before birth, by specific genes inherited from parents
• People with type O blood are called universal donors, because they can give blood to any blood type
• People with type AB blood are called universal recipients, because they can receive any blood type
• Heart


  A fist-sized organ that pumps blood throughout the body, the circulatory system's main organ
• Intravenous (IV) line


  A line placed in one of the blood vessels
• Blood transfusion


  Replacing blood lost during surgery or a serious injury, or if a person's body can't make blood properly because of an illness
• Incompatibility between blood types can lead to a life-threatening reaction called hemolytic transfusion reaction
• Universal Donors


  People with TYPE O blood, who can give blood to any blood type
• Universal Recipients


  People with TYPE AB blood, who can receive any blood type
• Heart


  A fist-sized organ that pumps blood throughout the body, the main organ of the circulatory system
• Heart


  • Muscle and tissue make up this powerhouse organ
  • Contains four muscular sections (chambers) that briefly hold blood before moving it
  • Electrical impulses make the heart beat, moving blood through these chambers
  • The brain and nervous system also direct the heart's function
• Location of the heart

  • Located in the chest cavity, behind the breastbone (sternum) and between the lungs
  • Slightly shifted towards the left side of the chest cavity
  • Resides in the mediastinum, the middle compartment within the chest cavity
• Size of the heart

  Roughly the size of a closed fist, typically measuring around 12 cm long, 8.5 cm wide, and 6 cm thick
• Right atrium


  Receives oxygen-depleted blood from the body via the superior and inferior vena cava
• Right ventricle


  Pumps oxygen-depleted blood to the lungs through the pulmonary artery for oxygenation
• Left atrium


  Receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins
• Left ventricle


  Pumps oxygen-rich blood to the entire body through the aorta, the largest artery