General science

• Science


  A systematic study that is concerned with facts, principles, and methods that could be observed in our natural or physical and social environment
• Science comes from the Latin word Scientia which means "to know"
• Scientific study


  • A well-planned and rigorously reasoned study which can be repeated many times over and yield almost the same results
• Science and technology


  Interrelated but distinct from each other
• Science


  Consists of careful observations and experiments to build scientific knowledge
• Technology

  The application of scientific knowledge to improve life or satisfy needs
• Technology

  An applied science
• Types of technology

  • Machines
  • Products
  • Processes
• Machines


  Tools, gadgets or devices that help us do our activities faster and better, making it possible for us to do certain things which we normally cannot do
• Machines


  • airplanes, Internet, CT-scan, and computers
• Products


  Materials produced or made through artificial or natural means, making life more pleasant, more convenient, and more comfortable
• Products


  • toothpaste, chemical fertilizers, and pesticides
• Processes


  The ways of doing things
• Processes


  • food preservation, prawn culture, and induced fruiting
• Technology has played a part in solving many problems in medicine, industry, and agriculture
• Scientific method


  The logical method used by scientists to acquire knowledge that is used to explain different phenomena in nature
• Phenomenon

  A thing observed by the senses
• Fact


  A scientifically tested observation
• Scientific method

  1. Identify and clearly state the problem

  2. Gather information pertinent to the problem

  3. Formulate hypothesis

  4. Test the hypothesis
• Identify and clearly state the problem


  Questions arise from something observed as unusual; problem that is specific, measurable, and attainable is identified
• Gather information pertinent to the problem


  Recalling past experiences concerning the problem, interviewing people who are knowledgeable of the problem, and researching in libraries and research centers
• Formulate hypothesis


  Based on information or data gathered, an "educated guess" can be made
• Test the hypothesis


  Carry out experiments
• Controlled Experiment


  • Manipulating one of the conditions or factors that may affect the result of the experiment
• Trials


  • The number of times an experiment is repeated
• Controls


  • The factors that are kept constant throughout the experiment
• Variables


  • The factors that change during the experiment
• Independent or Experimental variables


  Factors that are changed
• Dependent variables


  Factors that change as a result of changes in the independent variable
• Independent Variables - factors that are change during the experiment
• Dependent variable - factors that change as a result of changes in the independent variable
• Experimentation - process of conducting an investigation by manipulating one or more variables while keeping other variables constant
• Hypothesis - tentative explanation about how things work based on observations and previous knowledge
• Control group - group of organisms used to compare with experimental groups, it is not exposed to any treatment
• Random sampling - method used to select samples from a population so that every member has an equal chance of being selected
• Replication - repeating experiments under similar conditions to confirm results
• Randomization - method used to ensure that all possible outcomes have equal chance of occurring
• Tables


  • Easy to read, organized presentations
• Graphs


  • Readily show patterns of data
• Line graph


  • Proper to use when comparing two variables