Statistics actual book

• Pioneers of Psychology is a history textbook that brings the history of psychology to life by connecting the field's enduring themes and debates with the colorful figures who originated them, and the contexts in which they lived

  
• The textbook takes a biographical, person-based approach to relating psychology's past and recent history, as the authors believe this is a compelling way for students to understand the field

  
• The textbook explores the issues that psychology's pioneers struggled with, the situations they were in, and how they shed light on some of the most fundamental questions about being human
• The textbook is now in its fifth edition, having been published for over 35 years
• The textbook is written by Raymond E. Fancher and Alexandra Rutherford, and published by W.W. Norton & Company

  
• The textbook covers a wide range of topics in the history of psychology, from foundational ideas in antiquity to the development of clinical psychology
• The textbook aims to help students understand psychology better by exploring the lives and contexts of the pioneers in the field
• Pioneers in the field of psychology are studied in the context of the times and places in which they lived
• A biographical, person-based approach is a compelling way to relate psychology's past and recent history
• Pioneers moves beyond a focus on the handful of schools or systems of thought that dominated psychological discourse during the early to mid-1900s
• Pioneers provides individual accounts of the history behind the major current subdisciplines, including abnormal, social, personality, humanistic, developmental, applied, and clinical psychology
• Pioneers pays attention to gender issues and the inclusion of female pioneers
• Pioneers is an outstanding value at about half the price of market-leading competitors
• The ebook version of Pioneers is an even more affordable option
• The Fifth Edition of Pioneers has a new Introduction, which outlines the value of studying psychology's history and explains the rationale for the authors' approach

  
• Chapter 1 of the Fifth Edition is completely new, covering foundational ideas from antiquity
• The last chapter of the Fifth Edition covers the history of clinical psychology
• Throughout the Fifth Edition, the authors have updated the previous material in response to recent historical research, and added either brand new or significantly expanded coverage of several pioneers
• The Support Package for the Fifth Edition has been greatly expanded, including an enhanced test bank, assignments, lecture PowerPoint slides, and an ebook version of the text
• Each chapter in the Fifth Edition is comprehensible as an independent entity, so teachers can assign chapters selectively or in a different order
• The authors have noted the recurrence of early ideas and attitudes in new forms throughout the history of psychological thought
• Functionalist movement


  Led by a pioneer
• Mary Whiton Calkins


  • Overcame tremendous obstacles as a woman
  • Became a leading experimental psychologist
  • Founder of the influential psychology department and laboratory at Wellesley College for women
• Behaviorist movement


  • Arose largely through the efforts of Pavlov, Watson, and Skinner
  • Promoted the possibilities of a non-mentalistic psychology in which observable behavior replaced the mind as its basic subject
  • Provided practical prescriptions for human conduct, from raising children to designing community life
  • Was not only a theoretical commitment but a guide for the prediction and control of behavior
• Social psychology


  • Had colorful roots in the experiences of Mesmer and other early hypnotists who demonstrated the power of suggestibility and group contagion
  • These topics were later pursued by increasingly scientific investigators of social influence processes, including Charcot, Binet, and eventually Floyd Allport, whose textbook formally launched social psychology as a new subdiscipline
• Freudian psychoanalysis


  • Developed by Freud, beginning with his discovery of free association as a technique for treating hysteria patients
  • Aimed at uncovering unconscious wishes and conflicts
  • Evolved into a general theory of the psyche, which became the centerpiece of an international movement and attracted important followers and dissidents, including Adler and Jung
• Personality psychology


  • Promoted by Gordon Allport, who conceived of nomothetic and idiographic research methods as contrasting but equally valuable approaches
  • The former led to the factor analysis of personality traits and the Big Five model of personality structure; the latter to psychologically informed case studies and psychobiographies
• Humanistic psychology


  Established by Maslow as a "third force" to compete against the then-dominant doctrines of behaviorism and psychoanalysis
• Intelligence testing and developmental psychology

  • Rose through the work of Binet and Piaget, both of whom were originally inspired by home observations of their own children
  • Binet and Simon's testing method, intended as means of diagnosing mental deficits, became the foundation of a vast intelligence testing industry
  • Piaget formulated genetic epistemology as a theory, with four distinctive stages of cognitive development
  • Piaget's contemporary Vygotsky emphasized the importance of sociocultural factors in enhancing or hindering the pace of cognitive development
• Cognitive psychology


  • Emerged in the mid-twentieth century, using the history of mechanical calculators and early computing machines as a springboard for introducing the concepts of artificial intelligence and information processing
  • Highlights include Babbage and Lovelace's conception of a universal computer, Turing's proposed test for computer intelligence, Shannon's introduction of the bit as the fundamental unit of information theory, and Miller's adoption of that theory as essential to cognitive psychology
  • Chomsky, Bruner, and Neisser all collaborated with Miller in laying the formal foundations for the new subdiscipline
• Applied psychology


  • Emerged in the work of Münsterberg and Gilbreth, who were both influenced by Taylor and scientific management
  • Includes Scott on the psychology of advertising, Marston on polygraphic lie detection, and Mayo and the Hawthorne studies of industrial efficiency
  • Hollingworth's early contributions to the professionalization of clinical psychology
• Clinical psychology


  • Developed after World War II, with psychologists confronting the tensions between the art of clinical practice and the desire to be scientific, especially by developing valid assessment tools and evaluating the effectiveness of psychotherapy
  • Includes Harrower, an experimentalist who turned to clinical practice; Shakow, a researcher who designed the scientist-practitioner model of clinical training; Meehl, a psychologist who compared clinical to statistical prediction; and Beck, who developed cognitive therapy, an evidence-based practice that is now one of the most widely used approaches for treating psychological problems
• confirming the localization of speech in the brain's left frontal cortex (Chapter 3)
• Wundt conducts his thought meter experiment (Chapter 5)

  1861
• Galton publishes Hereditary Genius (Chapter 7)


  1869
• James experiences a personal crisis, resolved by believing in free will (Chapter 8)

  1870
• Darwin publishes The Descent of Man (Chapter 6)


  1871
• Wundt publishes the first experimental psychology textbook, The Principles of Physiological Psychology (Chapter 5)


  1879

  
• Charcot introduces the theory of grand hypnotisme (Chapter 10)


  1882
• Galton establishes his Anthropometric Laboratory and prototype intelligence tests (Chapter 7)


  1884