biology

• The nucleus contains the genetic material (DNA) that controls all cellular activities.
• Mitochondria produce energy through aerobic respiration.
• Chromosomes are made up of genes that determine characteristics such as eye colour or height.
• Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes with half the normal chromosome number, essential for sexual reproduction.
• Cytokinesis is the process where the cytoplasm of a single eukaryotic cell is divided to form two daughter cells.
• The nucleus is the control centre of the cell, containing DNA.
• Mitosis is a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus.
• Cell - the basic unit of structure and function in all organisms
• During interphase, cells grow and divide by copying their chromosomes using DNA polymerase enzymes.
• Ribosomes synthesize proteins using instructions from DNA.
• Vacuoles store water, nutrients, and wastes.
• Cell membranes control what enters and exits cells, regulating their internal environment.
• Mitochondria are responsible for producing energy through aerobic respiration.
• Lysosomes contain enzymes to break down waste materials within cells.
• Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis.
• The cytoplasm is the jelly-like substance surrounding the nucleus, containing organelles such as mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, cytoskeleton, and chloroplasts.
• Ribosomes synthesize proteins using information from DNA.
• Lysosomes contain enzymes used for digestion within the cell.
• Plant cells have a rigid cell wall made of cellulose, which provides support and protection.
• Lysosomes contain enzymes to break down waste products within cells.
• Cell specialisation occurs when cells become adapted to perform specific functions within an organism.
• Cell differentiation occurs when undifferentiated stem cells become specialised into specific types of cells.
• Fertilisation is the union of sperm and egg during sexual reproduction.
• Animal cells lack a cell wall but contain lysosomes, which break down waste products inside the cell.
• Vacuoles store water, waste products, pigments, and other substances.
• Asexual reproduction involves one parent producing offspring without fertilisation, while sexual reproduction requires the fusion of male and female gametes.