Cell

• Mitosis


  Division of the nucleus
• Metaphase checkpoint


  • Check for chromosomes
• Mitosis


  1. Prophase

  2. Metaphase

  3. Anaphase

  4. Telophase

  5. Cytokinesis
• Results in two identical diploid cells (2n)
• Interphase


  The "resting stage" (the cell isn't dividing in this stage), the longest part of the cell cycle
• Phases of interphase


  • G1 (Gap 1 Phase)
  • S (Synthesis)
  • G2 (Gap 2 Phase)
• G1 checkpoint


  • Check for nutrients, growth factors, DNA
• G2 checkpoint


  Check for cell size and organelle duplication
• Mother cell


  The original cell before division
• Centriole


  Component that replicates during interphase to prepare for cell division
• DNA


  Replicates during interphase to prepare for cell division
• Chromatin


  The material that condenses into chromosomes during mitosis
• Nucleus


  The control center of the cell that contains the DNA
• Spindle fibers


  Form during mitosis to pull the chromosomes apart
• Nuclear envelope


  Breaks down during mitosis to allow the spindle fibers to access the chromosomes
• Chromosomes


  Contain the genetic material and are made up of chromatin
• Cytoskeleton


  Dynamic network of protein filaments that give the cell structure and allow for movement
• Golgi apparatus


  Packages and modifies proteins
• Nucleus


  The control center of the eukaryotic cell that contains the DNA
• Nuclear membrane


  Surrounds the nucleus and regulates what enters and leaves
• Nucleolus


  Structure within the nucleus where ribosomal RNA is synthesized
• Rough endoplasmic reticulum


  Site of protein synthesis and production of glycoproteins
• Smooth endoplasmic reticulum


  Synthesizes hormones and lipids
• Cytoplasm


  The gel-like substance outside the nucleus that contains the cell organelles
• Vacuole


  Food storage organelle in plant cells
• Chloroplast


  Organelle in plant cells that contains chlorophyll and is the site of photosynthesis
• Peroxisome


  Breaks down fatty acids to provide fuel for respiration
• Cell membrane


  Holds the cell together and separates it from the external environment
• Ribosome


  Site of protein synthesis, made up of ribosomal RNA and protein
• Cell wall


  Provides structural support and protection for plant cells
• Mitochondrion


  The "powerhouse" of the cell where cellular respiration occurs
• Cell modification


  • The process by which generic cells carry out unusual functions by changing into specific cells to adapt and perform certain tasks
• Cell modification examples


  • Stem cells
  • Red blood cells
  • Muscle cells
• Meiosis I


  1. Prophase I

  2. Metaphase I

  3. Anaphase I

  4. Telophase I

  5. Cytokinesis
• Meiosis II


  1. Prophase II

  2. Metaphase II

  3. Anaphase II

  4. Telophase II

  5. Cytokinesis
• Meiosis results in four non-identical haploid cells
• Homologous chromosomes


  Pair of chromosomes (paternal & maternal) that are identical in shape and size
• Tetrad


  Group of four chromatids formed by a pair of homologous chromosomes during meiosis I
• Crossing over


  Exchange of DNA between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes during meiosis I
• Metaphase plate


  The equator of the cell where the chromosomes align during metaphase