chem exam

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    • matter- anything that takes up space and has a mass- made up of tiny particles- they have space between them- they are in constant motion
    • heating a solid- increases kinetic energy causing them to vibrate more- particles will pull away from one another when they have enough energy and become liquid- heat more= more kinetic energy
    • Ek low means that the particles are closer together and have a stronger attraction. Ek high means that the particles are further apart and have a weaker attraction.
    • particles can change energy when they collide
    • Atom is the smallest part of an element
    • Atomic theory: study of the nature of atoms and how they combine to form all types of matter
    • law of conservation of mass: mass can not be created or destroyed.
    • law of definite proportions: A chemical compound contains the same elements in the same ratio no matter the source or size of the sample
    • isotopes are atoms of an element that have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons
    • isotopic abundance- refers to the relative amounts of isotopes of each element, usually expressed as a %
    • unstable atoms= radioactive
    • periodic trends: horizontal are rows
      groups: vertical column's
    • atomic radius- distance from center of nucleus to the outside of the last orbital
    • atomic size increases as you go down the coloumn
    • atomic size decreases as you go down the period
    • metals form positive ions which means they are cations and lose electrons
    • nonmetals form negative anions which means they gain electrons
    • an ion is when an atom has gained or lost electrons
    • ionic bonds consist of metals and nonmetals
    • covalent are nonmetal + nonmetal
    • nonpolar covalent is when the atoms have equal electronegativity
    • polar covalent is when they have different electronegativities
    • EN <0.4 = nonpolar covalent
    • EN <1.7 = covalent bond
    • EN> ionic bond
    • 0.4<EN<1.7 = polar covalent
    • molecule is polar if the shape is asymmetrical
    • molecule is nonpolar is the shape is symmetrical
    • solute is the thing that is being dissolved
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