male

• Messerschmidt (1993)


  Argues that the gang acts as a location for doing masculinity which has to be accomplished and approved.
• Campbell (1993)


  Argues that denying male access to legitimate masculine status though academics, employment and in the breadwinner role has made violent behaviour a way for men to express masculinity.
• Flaudi (199)


  Males are not deviant they are performing their masculinity and demonstrate qualities expected from males e.g. toughness,bravery and strength.