q1 eng

• Communication


  The process of sending and receiving messages through verbal and non-verbal means, including speeches or oral communication; writing and graphical representations (such as infographics, maps, and charts)
• Two Modes of Communication


  • One-Way Model (passive listening)
  • Two-Way Model (active listening)
• One-Way Model


  Linear and limited because it occurs in a straight-line form sender to receiver and serves to inform, persuade, and command
• One-Way Model


  Sender -> Message -> Receiver
• Two-Way Model


  Includes feedback from the receiver to the sender and lets the sender know the message has now been received accurately
• Two-Way Model


  Sender -> Message -> Receiver -> Feedback
• Three persuasions (according to Aristotle)


  • Ethos (mastery of the subject matter)
  • Logos (logic of the thought - how will you deliver the message)
  • Pathos (emotional appeal - putting your values)
• Glossophobia - fear of public speaking
• Gathering information


  The act of getting various kinds of information
• Methods of gathering information

  • Listening
  • Reading
  • Interviews
  • Questioning
  • Questionnaire
  • Observation
  • Study of existing files
• Listening comprehension


  Needed for academic effectiveness, relationship to others, and decision-making
• Effective Listening Approaches (according to Tay 2020)


  • Info Listening (receiving the same thoughts that the speaker is trying to convey)
  • Don't Judge or argue primitively (try to understand the speaker's ideas before judging them)
  • Look for Key Ideas (Skimming, Scanning, Intensive Reading, Extensive Reading)
  • Paraphrase (re-stating the message of the speaker to strengthen the message)
• Reading comprehension


  The ability to read text, process it and understand its meaning. It relies on two interconnected abilities: word reading (being able to decode the symbols on the page) and language comprehension (being able to understand the meaning of the words and sentences)
• Grammar


  Rules of a language governing the sounds, words, sentences, and other elements, as well as their combination and interpretation
• Rules related to grammar lessons

  • The order of a basic positive sentence is Subject-Verb-Object (negative and question sentences may have a different order)
  • Every sentence must have a subject and a verb (an object is optional, but an imperative sentence may have a verb only with the subject understood)
  • The subject and verb must agree in number (singular subject needs singular verb, plural subject needs plural verb)
  • When two singular subjects are connected by 'or', use a singular verb (same for either/or and neither/nor)
  • The words 'its' and 'it's' have different meanings
  • The words 'your' and 'you're' have different meanings
  • The words 'there', 'their' and 'they're' have different meanings
• Short story


  Can be read in one sitting and have limited scenes, acts, and situations
• Elements of short story

  • Character (words of friction and characteristics of person)
  • Setting (place and time the story takes place)
  • Plot (the sequence of the story - Freytag's Pyramid: Introduction/Exposition, Rising Action, Climax, Falling Action, Denouement/Resolution)
• Types of Speeches according to delivery

  • Impromptu (on the spot speaking and brainstorming of ideas)
  • Extemporaneous (was given time to prepare)
  • Manuscript (have a copy of words to perform)
  • Memorized Speaking (presentation based on the memory of the speaker)
• Types of Speeches according to purpose

  • Informative (to inform the audience about a particular subject)
  • Persuasive (to convince or persuade audience with a specific belief, using flowery words to change someone's perspective)
  • Entertaining (to entertain the audience and provide pleasure and laughter)
  • Demonstrative (a guide on how an action must be done, a step-by-step process/procedure, using visual examples)
• Types of Speeches according to Occasional Speech

  • Introduction (to introduce the speakers and inspire/persuade the audience)
  • Presentation (usually given at award ceremonies to provide recognition to the recipient's accomplishments)
  • Toast (given at specific occasions to give a highlight or heartwarming messages/best wishes)
  • Roast (a kind of toast speech incorporating jokes about a person's success/achievement)
  • Acceptance (given by a person who has received an award)
  • Commemorative (given at events/conferences to show how the meeting worked according to its theme)
  • Farewell (given at graduation or when someone leaves, emphasizing looking ahead to the future)
  • Eulogy (given at funerals to praise the person who died)
• Literature


  A body of written words, including imaginative works of poetry and prose distinguished by the intentions of their authors and the perceived aesthetic excellence of their execution
• The importance of literature is immense. What you learn will change your perception of the world, and how you interact with people by using a wealth of literary devices
• Literary Genres


  Specifically refers to books and writing as opposed to other types of genres. Writers can further categorize their literature through sub-genres, which are smaller and more specific versions of genre
• 5 Main Literary Genres

  • Poetry
  • Fiction
  • Non-fiction
  • Drama
  • Prose
• Poetry


  A piece of literature that makes use of rhythmic qualities of language, such as phonesthetics, sound symbolism, and meter to convey meaning
• Types of Poetry


  • Epic (long-verse narratives retelling the heroic journey of an individual or a group of individuals)
  • Narrative (tells a story through poetic techniques)
  • Lyric (short, highly musical verses that express powerful emotions)
  • Dramatic (written for public recitation or performance to express one's thoughts to another actor or audience)
• Fiction


  Stories created using the writer's imagination, using figurative language to depict completely untrue events, characters and settings to stimulate the reader's attention
• Genres of Fiction


  • Mystery (provide readers with plots that explore mysteries from beginning to end)
  • Historical Fiction (uses real-life events to support its plot and key details)
  • Realism (depicts familiar objects, people, and places without dramatizing or romanticizing the story)
  • Magical Realism (depicts reality with a sense of fantasy or magic)
  • Fantasy (depicts imaginary settings, beings, and universes that are nonexistent in the real-world)
  • Science Fiction (includes space exploration, futuristic species, and time travel)
  • Dystopian (envisions a world in a state of cataclysmic decline)
  • Horror (its primary goal is to shock and frighten readers)
  • Fable (teach a moral lesson to the reader or illustrate a moral dilemma that the protagonist overcomes)
  • Mythology (reveals elements of human behavior through the use of symbols)
• Non-fiction


  Aims to inform or inspire the audience by using actual events, people, places, or facts
• Types of Non-fiction


  • Autobiography (a personal narrative of one's life)
  • Biography (an account of a person's life written by someone else)
  • Essay (a short piece of writing in which the author elaborates on an idea or topic after conducting research)
• Drama


  Representations of fiction that involve dialogue and performance
• Types of Drama


  • Tragedy (focus on hardships that can cause emotional distress to the protagonists)
  • Comedy (a humorous tone that depicts amusing events in which the characters ultimately prevail)
  • Musical (an original work or an adaptation of a longer literary work)
  • Melodrama (pieces of dramatic literature that depict serious stories)
• Prose


  A literary genre with no formal metric sequence, relying on a natural flow of speech and ordinary grammatical structure instead of rhythmic structure
• Edgar Allan Poe was an American poet and writer, known for works like "The Tell-Tale Heart" and "The Raven". He was an orphan from the age of 3 and married his 13-year-old cousin. He believed that alcohol and toxicities could help him write stories better.
• Irony


  The difference between what we expect to happen, and what actually does happen. It is often used to add suspense and interest, and to keep the reader thinking about the moral of the story.
• Types of Irony


  • Verbal Irony (the simplest kind, where you say one thing and mean another, often similar to sarcasm)
  • Situational Irony (when a situation turns out to be the opposite of what you thought it would be)
  • Dramatic Irony (when the audience knows something that the characters in the story, on the screen, or on the stage do not know)