BIOLOGY- paper 1

• Are animal cells prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

  Eukaryotic
• Are plant cells prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

  Eukaryotic
• What do plant cells have that animal cells don't?

  cell wall, chloroplasts, vacuole
• What makes leafs green?

  chlorophyll
• What's the function of the nucleus?

  Contains genetic material including dna, which controls the cells activity
• What's the function of the cell membrane?

  Controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell
• What's the function of mitochondria?

  Where most energy is released in respiration
• What's the function of ribosomes?

  Site of protein synthesis
• What's the function of cytoplasm?

  Where many chemical reactions happen
• What's the function of chloroplasts?

  Contains chlorophyll and the enzymes needed for photosynthesis
• What is the function of chlorophyll?


  absorb light
• Where is chlorophyll found?

  chloroplasts
• What's the function of the cell wall?

  Strengthens the cell and supports the plant
• What's the function of the permanent vacuole?

  Filled with cell sap to keep the cell turgid
• What's a prokaryotic cell?

  Bacteria
• What type of cell division do eukaryotic cells do?

  mitosis
• What type of cell division do prokaryotic cells do?

  binary fission
• How is a sperm cell adapted to its function?

  Long tail to swim

  Lots of mitochondria to release energy to swim and fertilise the egg
• How is a nerve cell adapted for its function?

  It has extensions and branches so it can communicate with other nerve cells muscles and glands

  It is covered with a fatty sheath for insulation
• How is a muscle cell adapted for its function?

  Lots of mitochondria to provide energy for contraction
• How is a root hair cell adapted for its function?

  Large surface area to absorb water and mineral ions

  Thin walls to absorb a lot of water
• How is xylem cell adapted to its function?

  There are no top and bottom walls between xylem vessels, so there is a continuous amount of water running through them
• What does the xylem do?

  transports water and minerals
• What does the phloem do?

  transports sugars and amino acids
• How is phloem adapted for its function?

  Sieve tubes to provide energy for transport
• What is diffusion?

  The random movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
• How do particles move in diffusion?

  randomly
• What are the key factors that affect the rate of diffusion?

  Surface area temperature concentration and pathway length
• What does partially permeable membrane mean?

  only some molecules can pass through the membrane
• What are some examples of substances that pass through the cell membranes by diffusion?

  Dissolved glucose urea and oxygen and carbon dioxide
• What is osmosis?

  the movement of water from an area of dilute(amount of glucose) to concentrated solution (of glucose)
• What's an example of osmosis in plants?

  Water goes from soil to root hair cell
• What happens if too much water goes in an animal cell because they haven't got a cell wall?

  It bursts
• What does hypertonic mean?

  Higher internal concentration
• What does hypotonic mean?

  Lower internal concentration
• What does isotonic mean?

  Balanced both sides
• What happens to an animal cell if it is hypotonic?

  It will shrivel up
• What is active transport?

  movement of molecules into or out of a cell against a concentration gradient using energy by protein carriers
• Where are the protein carriers located?

  On the cell membrane they act like pulling glucose or salt up a hill that's why they need energy
• How is active transport used in plants?

  Minerals moved by roots