ANAPHY REVIEW SHEET

• Anatomy


  The scientific discipline that investigates the structure of the human body
• Physiology


  The scientific discipline that investigates the process of functions of living things
• Structural levels

  • Chemical level - atoms combine to form molecules
  • Cell level - Molecule form organelles
  • Tissue level - similar and surrounding material make up tissues
  • Organ level - diff tissue combine to form organs
  • Organ system level - Organs make up an organ system
  • Organism - organs system make up an organism
• Characteristics of Life

  • Organization - Specific interrelationships among the parts of an organism and how those parts interact to perform specific functions
  • Metabolism - To use energy to perform vital functions
  • Responsiveness - To sense changes in the environment and make adjustment that help maintain life
  • Growth - Increase in size of all part of the organism
  • Development - The changes an organism undergoes through time. Fertilization to death
  • Reproduction - Formation of new cells or new organism
• Homeostasis


  Maintenance of a relatively stable condition within the internal environment
• Components of Homeostasis

  • Receptor - Monitors the value of a variable
  • Control Center (*brain) - establishes the set point around which the variable is maintained
  • Effector (*heart) - change the value of the variable
• Stimulus


  Changed variable that initiates a homeostatic mechanism
• Feedback Mechanism

  • Negative Feedback - works to restore homeostasis by correcting a deficit within the system
  • Positive Feedback - Deviation from a normal value occurs, the response of the system is to make the deviation even greater
• Anatomical Position


  • Supine - face upward
  • Prone - face downward
• Directional Terms

  • Inferior - Below
  • Superior - Above
  • Anterior (ventral) - Toward the front/belly of body
  • Posterior (Dorsal) - Toward the back of body
  • Proximal - Closer to point of attachment
  • Distal - Farther from point of attachment
  • Lateral - Away from midline of body
• Body Parts and Regions

  • Head
  • Neck
  • Trunk
  • Upper limbs
  • Lower limbs
• Body Regions

  • Right upper quadrant
  • Left upper quadrant
  • Right lower quadrant
  • Left lower quadrant
• Body Regions

  • Right Hypochondriac region
  • Epigastric region
  • Left hypochondriac region
  • Left lumbar region
  • Umbilical region
  • Right lumbar region
  • Right iliac region
  • Hypogastric region
  • Left iliac region
• Body Cavities

  • Thoracic Cavity
  • Abdominal Cavity
  • Pelvic Cavity
• Thoracic Cavity


  • Ribs and diaphragm
• Abdominal Cavity


  • Diaphragm and abdomen
• Pelvic Cavity


  • Pelvic bones
• Serous Membranes

  • Trunk Cavities
  • Pericardial cavity
  • Pleural cavities
  • Peritoneal Cavity
• Serous membranes


  Line the walls of the cavity and secrete fluid that fills the space between the parietal and visceral membranes, protecting organs from friction
• Mesenteries


  • Hold abdominal organs in place, provide passageway for blood vessels and nerves to organs
• Retroperitoneal Organs


  • Behind the parietal peritoneum (kidney, adrenal glands, pancreas, intestines, urinary bladder)
• Organ Systems of the Body


  • Integumentary
  • Skeletal
  • Muscular
  • Lymphatic
  • Respiratory
  • Digestive
  • Nervous
  • Endocrine
  • Cardiovascular
  • Urinary
  • Reproductive (female)
  • Reproductive (male)
• Integumentary System


  • Protection, regulate temperature, prevent water loss
• Skeletal System


  • Protection & support, allow body movements, store minerals and fat
• Muscular System


  • Provides body movements, posture and body heat
• Lymphatic System


  • Removes foreign substances from blood, combats disease, maintain tissue fluid balance, absorb fats
• Respiratory System


  • Regulate blood pH, exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide
• Digestive System

  • Digestion, absorb nutrients, eliminate waste
• Nervous System


  • Detect sensation, control movement, physiological processes & intellectual functions
• Endocrine System


  • Regulate metabolism, growth, reproduction
• Cardiovascular System


  • Transport nutrients, wastes, gases and hormones, immune response and regulate body temperature
• Urinary System


  • Remove waste from blood and regulate blood pH, ion balance and water balance
• Reproductive System (female)


  • Site of fertilization, fetal development, produce milk, hormones that influence sexual function and behavior
• Reproductive System (male)


  • Produces and transfers sperm cells to female reproductive system, produce hormones that influence sexual function and behavior
• Integumentary System


  • Consists of hair, glands and nails
• Functions of the Integumentary System

  • Protection from microorganisms and UV light
  • Sensation - sensory receptors
  • Vitamin D production - regulator of homeostasis
  • Temperature regulation - blood flow & activity of sweat glands
  • Excretion - via sweat pores
• Subcutaneous Tissue (Hypodermis)


  • Contains about half of body's stored fat
  • Provides padding and insulation and responsible for different appearances
• Layers of the Skin


  • Epidermis - Most superficial layer of skin
  • Dermis - Composed of dense collagenous connective tissue
• Epidermis


  • Stratified squamous epithelium
  • Keratinization
  • Stratum basale - Deepest stratum
  • Stratum Corneum - Most superficial stratum, surrounded by lipids which prevent fluid loss
• Dermis

  • Contains fibroblasts, adipocytes, & microphages
  • Collagen and elastic fibers responsible for structural strength
  • Cleavage lines or tension lines - Most resistant to stretch
  • Dermal Papillae - Upper part of dermis, found in palms, soles and digits of fingers
  • Melanin - Responsible for skin, eyes and hair color
  • Albinism - Deficiency or absence of melanin