Long Test 2

• Physiology


  study of vital life processes of living organisms
• Microbial Physiology


  concerns the vital life of microorganisms.
• Bacteria


  are inexpensive to maintain in the laboratory, take up little space, and reproduce quickly
• Six major chemical elements

  carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur
• Essential nutrients


  materials that organisms are unable to synthesize but are required for building macromolecules
• Phototrophs


  organisms that use light as an energy source

  • photoautotrophs
  • photoheterotrophs
• Chemotrophs


  organisms that use chemical as an energy source

  • Chemoautotrophs
  • chemoheterotrophs
• Autotrophs


  organisms that use CO2 as a carbon source

  
  

  • algae, cyanobacteria
• Heterotrophs


  organisms that use organic compounds other than CO2 as a carbon source.

  
  

  • humans, animals, fungi
• two categories of chemotrophs

  chemolithotrophs, chemoorganotrophs
• Chemolithotrophs


  organisms that use inorganic chemicals as energy source
• Chemoorganotrophs


  organisms that use organic chemicals as an energy source
• Photosynthesis


  process by which organisms convert light energy into chemical energy
• photoheterotrophs


  purple and green nonsulfur bacteria
• chemoautotrophs


  nitrifying, hydrogen, iron, and sulfur bacteria
• chemoheterotrophs


  animals, protozoa, fungi, and most bacterias
• Ecology


  study of interactions between organisms and the world around them
• ecosystem


  interactions between living organisms and their nonliving environment.
• Phototrophs


  producers of food and oxygen for chemoheterotrophs
• photoautotrophs


  contribute energy to the ecosystem by trapping energy from sun

  • plants, algae, cyanobacteria, purple& green nonsulfur bacteria
• Metabolism


  chemical reactions that occur within a cell - often referred to as metabolic reactions
• metabolic reaction in microbes are similar to cells of human body
• metabolic enzymes


  enhances metabolic reaction
• enzymes (biologic catalysts)


  proteins that speed up the rate of biochemical reactions

  • they are very specific
• substrate


  substance by which enzyme acts upon
• endoenzymes


  enzymes produced within a cell that remain within the cell and catalyze within the cell

  • digestive enzymes
• exoenzymes


  produced within the cell but catalyze extracellular reactions

  • cellulase and pectinase
• hydrolases


  break down macromolecules through hydrolysis
• polymerases


  involved in polymer formation
• apoenzymes


  cannot catalyze reactions on their own, they must link up with a cofactor

  
  

  • FAD and NAD
• lack of certain vitamins from which coenzyme is synthesized will halt all reactions
• metabolite


  molecule or intermediary product or end product within metabolic reaction
• Catabolic reaction

  • breakdown of molecules that results for a release of energy
  • major source of energy for a cell
  • degradative reaction
• anabolic reaction

  • requires energy for bond formation
  • smaller molecules are bonded to larger molecules
  • most of the energy needed are provided by catabolic reactions
• genetics


  study of heredity
• genotype (genome)


  complete collection of genes
• phenotype


  organism's physical traits, attributes, or characteristics

  • manifestation of genotype
• most bacteria possess one chromosome and a long, continuous (circular), dsDNA with no protein
• Gene


  fundamental units of heredity that carry the information needed for special characteristics of species.

  • direct all functions of cell
• constitutive genes


  those kinds of genes that are expressed at all times