Difference model

• Who stated boys used more non standard English

  
• Pamela fishman criticised lakoffs dominace aproach because


  women ask questions as they have power not because they feel insecure or uncertain which shows women carry out most the work in communication
• pilkington-research into male and female convos

  women mantain relationshps(us and we) Men use 'I' and you more to disagree and challenge others -competitive-verbal sparring and mocking
• who stated women used tag questions alot?


  Janet holmes
• Pamela Fishman’s research discovered that conversations between men and women often fail because of how men act.


  She details that men use a third of the number of questions as women and gave minimal responses.
• women doing the ‘conversational shitwork’. Fishman
• Types of speakers Tannen has looked at speakers in groups and said there are two categories speakers can fall into: 


  high involvement and high considerateness.
• What we're characteristics of high involver speakers

  (men) tend to take a very active role in the conversation, be this by leading the conversation or backchanneling (not giving direct responses, but comments like ‘yep’, ‘uh-huh’ and ‘ok’).
• High considerateness speakers (women) tend to speak more

  slowly and avoid talking at the same time as someone else.
• Tannen says there are 2 types of talking

  Rapport vs report
• Coates


  techniques used by women to maintain conversation aren’t signs of inferiority, but signs of intelligence.
• Who researched girls use of house talk

  Deborah Jones
• 3 categories of house talk

  Scandal – women discuss the behaviour of others (usually women). Bitching – expression of anger, not because they want something to change, but just as a relief. Chatting – this is an intimate form of gossiping where women mutually self-disclose and nurturing takes place.
• Kuiper’s research details that men use more

  insults and expletives (swearing).
• politeness theory.


  Brown and Levinson.suggested speakers use politeness strategies to achieve successful communication.
• Negative politeness strategies that appeal to a person's negative face include apologising and not interrupting to avoid imposing on the speaker. By using both strategies, we can appear friendly while not imposing on the other person.
• Theorist who looked at instrumental power

  Power behind discourse and in
• Fairclough believes language helps create change by being used as a power ..


  Tool as it can influence behaviour
• whoconcluded women speak more due to them having power rather than feeling insecure or uncertain

  fishman