grade 11 bio sbu review

• Biodiversity


  • Importance of biodiversity
  • Diversity in species and ecosystems
  • Biodiversity at risk - human impacts
  • Linneaus and taxonomy
  • Dichotomous keys
• Biodiversity


  Variety of life on Earth, including variety within species, between species, and of ecosystems
• Importance of biodiversity


  • Supports ecosystem productivity
  • Source of food, medicine, raw material
  • Biodiverse systems are more resilient to disturbances
• Species diversity


  Variety of species within a habitat
• Ecosystem diversity


  Variety of ecosystems in a region or planet
• Threats to biodiversity


  • Habitat destruction
  • Pollution
  • Climate change
  • Invasive species
• Binomial nomenclature


  System developed by Carl Linneaus for naming, ranking, and classifying organisms
• Dichotomous key


  Tool that allows identification of organisms by answering a series of questions that lead the user to the correct name of the organism
• Levels of classification


  • Kingdom
  • Phylum
  • Class
  • Order
  • Family
  • Genus
  • Species
• Great chain of being


  Early classification system arranging all matter and life in a hierarchy from simplest to most complex
• Phylogeny


  The evolutionary history and relationships among species or groups of species
• Clade


  A group of organisms that consists of common ancestors and all its lineal descendants
• Three Domains (Carl Woese)

  • Archaea
  • Eubacteria
  • Eukaryotes
• Six Kingdoms


  • Archaea
  • Eubacteria
  • Protists
  • Fungi
  • Plants
  • Animals
• Structural features of viruses


  • Capsid is a protein shell
  • Genetic material can be DNA or RNA
  • Some viruses have a lipid envelope
• Viral Replication Cycles


  1. Lytic Cycle: Virus replicates rapidly, kills host cell

  2. Lysogenic Cycle: Viral DNA integrates into host genome and replicates with it without killing the host
• Importance of Vaccinations
• Positive Uses of Viruses
• Prokaryotes


  Archea and eubacteria
• Archea


  • Often found in extreme environments, unique cell membrane lipids
• Eubacteria


  • More common bacteria, diverse habitats
• General characteristics of prokaryotes

  • No nucleus, DNA not contained within nucleus
  • 3 shapes of bacteria: Cocci (spherical), Bacilli (rod shape), Sprilla (spiral)
• Specific bacteria


  • E. Coli
• Unique groups of archea

  • Halophiles (salt loving)
  • Theramapholies (heat-loving)
• Protists


  Diverse group of eukaryotic microorganisms
• Protists


  • Plasmodium (causes malaria), Giarda Lambila, Porphyra
• Eukaryotic cells originated through a symbiotic relationship between early eukaryotes and prokaryotes
• Protists


  • Can be autotrophic or heterotrophic, unicellular or multicellular
• Fungi


  Kingdom of spore-producing organisms feeding on organic matter
• Fungal digestion


  Secrete enzymes to break down food externally
• Fungal reproduction


  • Asexual (spores)
  • Sexual (fusion of hyphae)
• Animals


  • Multicellular, eukaryotic organisms, heterotrophic
• Larval vs Embryonic development

  Larval: intermediate stage before becoming an adult, Embryonic: development with an egg or the mother's body
• Key features of animal phyla

  • Porifera (sponges, simple, no true tissues)
  • Cnidaria (jellyfish, corals, stinging cells)
  • Platyhelminthes (flatworms, simple body plan)
  • Mollusca (snails, clams, octopuses, soft body)
  • Annelida (segmented worms)
  • Arthropoda (insects, spiders, exoskeleton)
  • Echinodermata (starfish, radial symmetry)
  • Chordata (vertebrates, notochord)
• Bryophytes


  Non-vascular plants, e.g. mosses
• Pteridophytes


  Vascular plants, e.g. ferns
• Spermaphytes


  • Seed producing plants, e.g. Gymnosperms (cones) and Angiosperms (flowers)
• Plants


  • Photosynthetic, contain chlorophyll, cell walls made of cellulose, life cycle alternates between haploid (gametophyte) and diploid (sporophyte) stages
• Plant cell types


  • Parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma
• Plant tissues


  • Meristematic growth regions
  • Epidermal protective outer layer
  • Vascular: Xylem (water transport) and Phloem (food transport)
  • Ground tissue: Storage, support, photosynthesis