NATION BUILDING

• Intellectual Revolutions


  • Ancient Times
  • Age of Reason/ Age of Enlightenment
  • Industrial Revolution
  • Steam Engine
  • Age of Science and Mass Production
  • Rise of Digital Technology
  • AI, Robotics, Internet of Production (IoP), 3-D printing, Genetic Engineering, Quantum Computing
• Nation


  A stable community of people, formed on the basis of a common language, territory, economic life, ethnicity or psychological make-up manifested in a common culture
• Nation-building


  Constructing or structuring a national identity using the power of the state. Nation-building aims at the unification of the people within the state so that it remains politically stable and viable in the long run
• Harris Mylonas: 'Legitimate authority in modern nations is connected to popular rule, to majorities. Nation-building is the process through which these majorities are constructed.'
• Country/Nation Classification


  • Developed
  • Developing
• Countries which have a strong base in science and technology are the ones that developed faster
• Without proper implementation of science and technology, no nation could grow and all those nations that were labeled as low in growth have proved where they stand today and all that has happened only because of science and technology
• A nation's development and prosperity is judged to a large extent by the status of science and technology of that nation. A scientifically unsophisticated society means an underdeveloped nation in all sectors
• Four Characteristics of State (Nation)

  • Population
  • Sovereignty
  • Government
  • Territory
• Aspects of Society

  • Economic
  • Political
  • Social
  • Environmental
  • Cultural
  • Technological
• Cultural changes involve social change
• Major sources of social change

  • Population growth and composition
  • Culture and technology
  • The natural environment
  • Social conflict
• Cultural lag


  A delayed change in one sector of society in response to a change in another sector of society
• Types of Culture


  • Material culture
  • Non-material culture
• According to Ogburn, changes come first into the material aspects of culture. But the non-material aspects of culture take time to adjust to the changes taking place in material aspects. As a result, non-material culture falls behind material culture, which is known as 'cultural lag'.
• Examples of cultural lag

  • The number of policemen in towns remains constant whereas the population of these town is fast increasing
  • Family planning technologies have advanced but people take time to accept them. Even some communities do not accept family planning measures due to traditional religious values and social pressure.
• Technological Determinism


  An ideology that considers technology as being the primary reason for the growth and progress of a society. Technology shapes society
• Social Constructionism


  It believes that technology develops as a result of social, cultural, or economic factors, rather than being the reason for social growth. It is the exact opposite of technological determinism. Society shapes technology
• Science & Technology and Socioeconomic Agenda of the Government
• Development of Science and Technology in the Philippines

  • Pre-Colonial Period
  • Colonial Period
  • The War Years, 1941-1945
  • Post Colonization
• Julius Banzon


  Source of fuel
• The College of Agriculture


  • Focused efforts on improving the breed of basic crops, livestock and poultry
  • Varietal introduction, evaluation and inheritance in rice, corn, sugar cane, coconut, abaca, and tobacco
  • Improving the breed, feed ration, and the quality of meat and eggs
• Dr. Francisco Fronda


  Father of the Poultry Industry in the Philippines, wrote 500 scientific articles during his lifetime
• The War Years


  1941-1945
• Manuel L. Quezon


  President when the war between Japan and the US broke out in 1941
• Very poor economy confronted the Commonwealth and later the Republic
• Unproductive period in the research life of the Bureau of Science (fear of death and threat of hunger prevailed)
• Food processing


  • toyo and vinegar were produced
  • coconut was converted into coco jam and cooking oil
• Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Period

  1945-1948
• Manuel Roxas


  First president of the Republic
• Roxas' policies


  • Industrialization
  • People participation in the government
  • Closer cooperation with the US
  • Restoration of peace and justice
• Bell Trade Relations Act provided for free trade relations between the Philippines and the US until 1954
• This gives the Americans the right to dispose of, exploit, develop, and utilize all agricultural, timber, and mineral lands of the country
• Bureau of Science


  Converted to the Institute of Science and placed under the office of the President
• Institute of Science


  • Coordinated and redirected all scientific efforts toward industrialization
  • Filipino scientists directed their efforts toward the solution of the country's problems and needs (big shortage of food and fuel, public health was poor)
• Scientific efforts


  • Conversion of coconut oil into ethyl alcohol
  • Fermentation of cassava
  • Use of indigenous raw materials and recycled food as animal feed
• Gradual Filipinization of the government resulted in several negative effects on the development of science in the country
• Negative effects


  • Reorganization led to loss of records (no clear understanding of the roles and functions of different offices)
  • Rampant graft, corruption and inefficiency of the government due to unqualified officials
• The budget for the Bureau of Science for its research and other scientific activities was at the mercy of its department secretary (operating with a low budget led to the bureau soliciting foreign aid through scientific projects)
• The Quirino Administration


  1948-1953