Chapter 1: Introduction

• Histology


  Study of the minute cells and tissues that comprises all living organism both plants and animals
• Embryology


  Science of the origin and development of living organism
• Physiology


  Study of functions of cells and organs or Certain function depend on specific structure
• Pathology -  Study of abnormal structure and function that characterizes disease
• 2 important components of the body

  • Intercellular substances

  • Bodyfluids
• Cell - the structural, physiological and developmental unit of the body
• Tissues - Group of cells having identical structure, function and origin
• Semifluid or gelatinous - Intercellular substance of connective tissue
• Firm - Intercellular substance of cartilage
• Hard or Calcareous -  Intercellular substance of bone
• Intercellular substance - abundant in connective tissue and scanty in epithelial tissue
• Organ - Group  of tissue with similar functions
• Parenchyma - the tissue that is peculiar to the organ and does the organ's specialized job
• Stroma - the tissue with supportive, structural and connective function
• Nephron - functional units for kidney
• Haversian system - functional units of bone
• Hepatic lobules - functional units of liver
• reflex arc - functional units of nervous system
• organ system - group of several organs with complementary functions
• histogenesis - is the process of tissue formation and all organism started from a single cell
• blastomere - pluripotential cells
• pluripotential cells - it can give rise to all of the cell types that make up the human body
• vegetative cells - give rise to structures that will  nourish the embryo
• embryonal cells - give rise to new individual
• cytomirphosis - structural changes thatnthe cells, specially stem cells, undergo during the process of differentiation, maturation and regression
• 3 primary gem layers

  • ectoderm
  • mesoderm
  • endoderm
• Robert Hooke - He observed that it was made up of tiny boxes or compartments which he called cells
• Zacharias Jansen - invented the compound light microscope
• Leeuwenhoek - Devised the simple microscope
• Robert Brown - Recognition of the nucleus
• Schleiden and Schwann -  Stated that all living things are made up of cells and the complexity of living things is due to the increase in the number of cells and their modification to perform certain definite function
• Von Mohl − Recognized protoplasm as the living material composing the cell
• Thomas Huxley − Referred the protoplasm as the physical basis of life
• Watson and Crick − Defined the structure of DNA
• ECTODERM− The skin and its appendage including hair, nails, sweat and sebaceous gland− The lining epithelium of the oral, nasal and part of the pharyngeal cavities, salivary gland and otherbuccal glands, enamel of the teeth and the paranasal sinuses− Terminal parts of the digestive and urinary tracts− The nervous system− Certain portions of the eyes and ears− Both lobes of the pituitary gland− Medulla of the adrenal glands
• MESODERM− The skeletal system− The muscular system including all types of muscle− All connective tissue of the body including the walls of the digestive and respiratory tract except thelining epithelia of those tract which are derived from the endoderm− The serous membrane lining of the body cavities− The circulatory system including the blood cells− Kidneys, ureter and the greater part of the urinary bladder− The genital tract in both sexes including the associated gland− Dentin of the teeth− Certain portions of the eyes and ears− Cortex of the adrenal gland
• ENDODERM− Lining epithelium of the digestive tract except the mouth, part of the pharynx and the anus, alsoincludes the parenchyma of the digestive glands (liver, pancreas, gastric and intestinal glands) and thelining of their ducts; lining of the gall bladder− Lining epithelium of the respiratory tract from the larynx to the lungs− Lining epithelium of the Eustachian tube and middle ear− Certain portions of the lower part of the ear− Thyroid gland, parathyroid gland and thymus
• Brightfield microscopy - the method most commonly used by both students and pathologists which is an opticalmicroscope that uses light rays to produce a dark image against a bright background.
• Fluorescence microscopy - uses ultraviolet light, under which only fluorescent molecules are visible, allowinglocalization of fluorescent probes which can be much more specific than routine stains.
• Confocal microscopy - a technique that uses lasers and fluorescence to create a three-dimensional image of asample.