Geographyn1

• Factors that can affect quality of life

  • Economic factors
  • Social factors
  • Environmental factors
  • Political factors
  • Cultural factors
• Economic factors


  Income levels, employment opportunities, and economic stability
• Social factors


  Access to education, healthcare, and social services
• Environmental factors


  Clean air and water, safe living conditions, and green spaces
• Political factors


  Governance quality, political stability, and human rights
• Cultural factors


  Social inclusion, cultural opportunities, and community support
• Global development gap


  Disparities in economic and social well-being between countries or regions, reflected in differences in income, health, education, and living standards
• Pattern of development levels around the world

  • Northern Hemisphere generally higher development, particularly in North America and Europe
  • Southern Hemisphere varies widely, with lower development in Africa and parts of South America, and higher development in Australia and parts of Southern Africa
  • North America and Europe are highly developed; Africa has lower development; Asia varies widely
  • Western Europe, North America, and parts of East Asia are highly developed; Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and parts of Latin America have lower development
• Factors that affect a country's level of GNI/Capita

  • Economic policies
  • Natural resources
  • Human capital
  • Political stability
  • Global integration
• Economic policies


  Trade policies, fiscal management, and industrialization
• Natural resources


  Availability and management of natural resources
• Human capital


  Education, skills, and workforce productivity
• Political stability


  Governance and political conditions
• Global integration


  Access to international markets and investment
• Indicators of development


  • Gross National Income (GNI) per Capita
  • Life Expectancy
  • Literacy Rate
  • Infant Mortality Rate
  • Access to Clean Water
• Gross National Income (GNI) per Capita


  Average income of a country's citizens
• Life Expectancy


  Average number of years a person is expected to live
• Literacy Rate


  Percentage of people who can read and write
• Infant Mortality Rate


  Number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births
• Access to Clean Water


  Percentage of population with access to safe drinking water
• How the HDI measure is calculated

  1. Life Expectancy as a measure of health and longevity

  2. Education: Mean years of schooling and expected years of schooling

  3. Income: GNI per capita (adjusted for purchasing power parity)
• Why the HDI is the best measure of development


  It is comprehensive as it combines economic, health, and education indicators, providing a more holistic view of development than income alone
• Differences between HDI scores/ranks and GNI/Capita scores/ranks

  HDI includes health and education indicators, which can reveal more about quality of life and development than income alone, leading to differences in rankings
• Reasons for the development gap

  • Historical factors
  • Geographical factors
  • Political factors
  • Economic factors
  • Social factors
• Historical factors


  Colonialism and historical exploitation
• Geographical factors


  Natural resource distribution and climate
• Political factors


  Governance, corruption, and political stability
• Economic factors


  Industrialization, trade policies, and economic management
• Social factors


  Education, healthcare systems, and social infrastructure
• Demographic Transition Model (DTM)


  Shows the transition of a country's population structure from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates through five stages of development
• A country moves into stage 4 of the DTM


  Birth and death rates are both low, leading to a stable or slowly growing population, often associated with developed economies and higher living standards
• Population pyramid for a developing country

  Broad base, indicating high birth rates, and a narrow top, indicating higher death rates and lower life expectancy
• Population pyramid for a developed country

  More rectangular shape, indicating lower birth and death rates, and a higher proportion of elderly people due to higher life expectancy
• Ways the development gap could be closed

  • Improving education
  • Healthcare investments
  • Economic policies
• Improving education


  Enhances human capital and productivity, leading to economic growth
• Healthcare investments


  Reduces disease burden, increases life expectancy, and improves workforce efficiency
• Economic policies


  Fair trade, investment in infrastructure, and supporting small businesses can stimulate economic growth and development
• What is the source of a river?


  The point at which a river starts
• What process refers to the wearing away of the river’s bed and banks by its load?

  Erosion
• What is a meander?


  A curve or bend in a river