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• Pollution


  The introduction of harmful materials into the environment
• Pollutants


  Harmful materials introduced into the environment
• Water pollution


  Occurs when harmful substances, often chemicals and microorganisms, degrade water quality and render it toxic to humans and the environment
• Causes of water pollution

  • Sewage and wastewater
  • Oil spills
  • Industrial waste
  • Marine dumping and plastic pollution in the sea
• According to the UN, more than 80% of the world's wastewater flows back into the environment without being treated or reused; in some least-developed countries, this figure tops 95%
• Air pollution


  When any physical, chemical, or biological change takes place in the air and contaminates it
• Types of air pollutants

  • Primary pollutants
  • Secondary pollutants
• Primary pollutants


  Directly cause air pollution, such as harmful gases from factories
• Secondary pollutants


  Formed by the process of intermixing or intermingling of primary pollutants
• Smog


  A type of air pollution characterized by a mixture of smoke and fog
• Causes of air pollution

  • Burning of fossil fuels
  • Automobiles
  • Agricultural activities
  • Factories and industries
  • Domestic resources
• Burning of fossil fuels emits harmful gases such as sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide into the air
• Ammonia is a typical byproduct of agriculture and one of the most dangerous gases in the atmosphere
• Manufacturing companies emit a significant amount of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, organic compounds, and chemicals into the air, lowering air quality
• Household cleaning products and painting supplies release hazardous chemicals into the air, polluting the environment
• Land pollution


  Environmental degradation that occurs when harmful substances are directly deposited on land
• Causes of land pollution

  • Urbanization
  • Mining
  • Agriculture
  • Littering
  • Nuclear waste
  • Landfills
• When mines are not properly managed, they can pollute the surrounding environment with dust and toxic chemicals
• Pesticides and fertilizers can contaminate the soil
• If nuclear waste is not properly disposed of, it can stay in the environment and cause serious health problems
• When garbage and textiles are not properly disposed of, they can release harmful chemicals into the environment
• Noise pollution


  The presence of a large amount of unwanted noise that can upset the balance of the environment
• Types of noise pollution

  • Environmental noise
  • Man-made noise
• Causes of noise pollution

  • Industrialization
  • Transportation
  • Construction activities
  • Social events
• The EEA estimates that environmental noise contributes to 48,000 new cases of ischemic heart disease a year, as well as 12,000 premature deaths. In addition, we estimate that 22 million people suffer chronic high annoyance and 6.5 million people suffer chronic sleep disturbance
• Radioactive pollution


  The presence of harmful substances emitting radiation in the environment, which are dangerous to the ecosystem and living organisms
• Radioactive pollution effects human health by causing gene mutations that lead to diseases including cancer and infertility
• Radioactive pollution causes soil infertility, making it toxic and difficult for plants to survive and grow, it also has a major impact on animal life
• Greenhouse effect


  The rise in Earth's temperature due to gases (water vapor, CO2, nitrous oxide, ozone, methane) trapping energy from the sun
• Greenhouse effect


  • These gases act like glass panes, letting sunlight in but keeping heat from escaping
  • Earth's surface, land, water, and biosphere absorb sunlight's energy and send it back into the atmosphere
  • Some energy escapes into space, but much is trapped by greenhouse gases
• Natural greenhouse gases


  Water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone
• Human-made greenhouse gases


  Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)
• Greenhouse gases from human activities

  • Carbon dioxide (CO2)
  • Nitrous oxide (N2O)
  • Methane (CH4)
  • Fluorinated gases
• Enhanced greenhouse effect


  Heat is trapped near Earth's surface by greenhouse gases, which increase due to human activities
• Weather


  State of the atmosphere at a particular time and place; highly variable and difficult to predict
• Climate


  Average weather over a long period; more predictable and varies seasonally and annually
• Global warming


  Rise in global temperatures due to increased greenhouse gases
• Climate change


  Long-term changes in climate measures (precipitation, temperature, wind patterns) over decades or longer
• Causes of climate change

  • Generating power
  • Manufacturing & production
  • Deforestation
  • Transportation
  • Powering buildings
  • Personal habits & inequality
• Effects of global warming & climate change

  • Weather
  • Sea levels
  • Farming
  • Plants & animals
  • People
  • Health