English History

• Trip to Madrid with Buckingham 


  1623

  Significance: formed Charles and Buckinghams relationship properly and led to realisation of similar beliefs of encouraging Arminianism
• Mansfeld Expedition

  1624

  Significance: failed under Buckingham due to half the troops dying of starvation and disease before they reached the battlefield, sent by James. Charles faces the consequences and stemmed the hate for Buckingham
• Marriage to Henrietta Maria


  1625

  Significance:

  Her catholicism viewed as suspicious

  Encouraged suspicions of a Catholic threat (closer alliance with catholic powers)

  Charles granted concessions and penal laws for English Catholics
• Cadiz Expedition 


  Nov 1625

  Significance: another failed expedition led by Buckingham (lack of food, drank wine, drunk and Spanish escaped) but under Charles, spent all the money granted from marriage to Henrietta Maria and due to forced billeting of soldiers even worse.
• York House Conference 


  Feb 1626 Arminians pitted against Protestants

  Significance: at Buckingham house, Charles felt that he is above such thing and doesn’t go showing Charles’ lack of openness and willingness to debate enforcing beliefs of Divine right of king also due to the arguments his Armenian views are hardened
• Tonnage and Poundage runs out

  1626

  Significance: led to financial issues and Charles‘ decision to use the forced loan, while deteriorating his and Parliaments relationship due to the fact they did not give him the customary whole life tonnage and poundage
• Forced Loan

  1626 due to T and P running out

  Significance: shows the extense of the financial problem and the breaking of the parliament and king relationship.
• Five Knights Case

  1627

  Significance: number of the gentry imprisoned and five issued writs of habeas corpus and so detained by special request of the king showing extense of the royal tyranny
• il de Rhe expedition

  June 1627 Buckingham fails on expedition to release Protestants due to ladders being too short but they are already released

  Significance: shows Buckingham failures being a pattern, increases hate against him and goes against the marriage treaty = worsened foreign affairs
• Petition of Right

  1628

  Significance: the petition involving Wentworth went against multiple recent policies such as forced loan, imprisonment and billeting of soldiers but when parliament went against Buckingham Charles swiftly closed the parliament INCREASING TENSIONS
• Three Resolutions

  1629 about religion and tonnage and poundage after Buckinghams assassination

  Significance : even when Charles wanted to close it before read out the speaker was held until he read it and it caused lots of argument.

  Charles announced the formal dissolution of parliament.