ommissions

• for result crimes
• 'but for' test (Pagett)
• more than minimal but not substantial (Kimsey)
• must be no breaks in chain (Jordan)
• medical intervention rarely breaks chain of causation (Chesire)
• not broken if injury caused by D is operating and not substantial cause (Smith)
• chain broken if new intervening act is so independent from D's act (Jordan)
• transferred malice (Latimer)
• thin skull rule 'treat your victim as you find them' (Blaue)
• contractual duty (Pitwood)
• official position (Dytham)
• voluntary (Stone and Dobinson)
• chain of events (Miller)
• relationship (Gibbins and Proctor)
• intention (Mohan)
• subjective recklessness (Cunningham)
• actus reus - guilty act
• mens rea - guilty mind