Memory Quickfire

• What is the cognitive interview?

  Procedure designed for use in police interviews
• What are the 4 features of the cognitive interview?

  Context reinstatement, report everything, recall from changed perspective, recall in reverse order
• Cognitive interview: supporting evidence from Milne & Bull.

  Found all 4 features were equally effective.
• Cognitive interview limitation: becomes less effective over time. Additionally, there is an increase in incorrect information being reported.
• What are the factors affecting the accuracy of EWT?

  Anxiety, misleading information
• Which researchers provide evidence for a positive effect of anxiety on recall?

  Christianson and Hubinette
• What issues were there in Christiansen and Hubinette's study to support the role of anxiety during EWT recall?

  methodological issues
• What may cause the individual's anxiety to focus on a weapon rather than details of an event?

  weapon focus effect
• What does misleading information include?

  Post-event discussion and leading questions
• What element of misleading information biases the witnesses memory?

  Post-event discussion
• What are the explanations of post-event discussion?

  Memory contamination, memory conformity
• What are the 2 explanations for the influence of leading questions on a witness?

  response bias, substitution explanation
• What is it called when the wording of a question has no real effect on the participants' memories, but influences how they decide to answer?

  Response bias
• What is it called when the wording of a leading question actually changes the particpants' memory of an event?

  The substitution explanation
• Misleading information has practical applications as it has informed police how to...?

  effectively interview eyewitnesses
• What type of issues come up in Loftus & Palmer's study?

  methodological issues (lab study)
• Which researchers provide the support for leading questions through conducting a lab study where the speed of cars was estimated?

  Loftus & Palmer
• What are the 2 explanations for forgetting?

  Retrieval failure, interference
• What is it called when information is available but it can't be accessed due to the absence of appropriate cues?

  Retrieval failure
• What are the types of cues?

  context, organisation, state
• What does Godden and Baddeley's study on deep sea divers support?

  The role of retrieval failure in forgetting
• What does Overton's study on recalling information drunk or sober support?

  The role of retrieval failure in forgetting
• Limitation of retrieval failure?


  Other explanations for forgetting
• Which type of interference is it when the old learning prevents the recall of new information?

  Proactive interference
• Which type of interference is it when new learning prevents the recall of old information?

  Retroactive interference
• What makes interference less likely?

  when there is a gap between instances of learning
• What are the types of LTM?

  Episodic, Semantic, Procedural
• Which case study supports the types of LTM?

  Clive Wearing
• Who are the key theorists for the working memory model?

  Baddeley and Hitch
• Is working memory STM or LTM?

  STM
• What are the 3 slave systems which are controlled by the central executive?

  phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, episodic buffer
• What controls attentional resources, has limited capacity and can only tend to a limited number of things at one time?

  The central executive
• Which part of the WMM deals with auditory/sound-based information?

  Phonological loop
• Where are the phonological store/'inner ear' and articulatory process/'inner voice' located?

  Phonological loop
• What is the temporary storage system which helps people to navigate and interact with their physical environment?

  Visuospatial sketchpad
• What is responsible for integrating the visuospatial and verbal information into a logical segment?

  Episodic buffer
• Which case study supports the WMM?

  Patient KF
• What can be used to measure the suitability to certain jobs?

  Working memory capacity
• What doesn't the WMM account for?

  musical memory
• What includes the transfer of info through 3 separate unitary stores?

  The multi-store model of memory