HISTO LEC FINALS

    Cards (64)

    • Endocrine System
      A network of glands of internal secretions that is considered to be the regulatory system of the body
    • Endocrine System
      A system of glands, each of which secretes a type of hormones into the bloodstream to regulate the body
    • Endocrine System
      The collection of hormones, carries protein, and other components of these process
    • Pituitary Gland
      • APG
      • PPG
    • Adrenal Gland
      • Medulla
      • Cortex
    • Hormones
      Chemical signals/messengers produced by specialized cells secreted into the blood stream and carried to a target tissue
    • Characteristics of Hormones
      • Each hormone is produced by a specific gland
      • Hormones are directly released from the tissue into the bloodstream and carried to the site
      • Each hormone act to a specific site or target cell to induce certain characteristic biochemical changes
    • Major function of hormones
      To maintain the constancy of chemical composition of extracellular and intracellular fluid
    • Immune System / Lymphoid System
      The structures and cells that protects the organism against invasion and damage by microorganisms and foreign substances
    • Free cells of the immune system
      • T and B lymphocytes
      • Antigen presenting cells
    • Organs of the immune system
      • Thymus
      • Lymph nodes
      • Spleen
      • Tonsils
    • Basic types of immune reaction
      • Cellular immunity
      • Humoral immunity
    • Antigen
      Any substance that elicits a response from the host
    • Antibody
      Also called immunoglobulins, plasma glycoproteins that interact specifically with antigenic determinants
    • Types of immunoglobulins
      • IgG
      • IgM
      • IgA
      • IgE
      • IgD
    • Free cells of the immune system
      • B lymphocytes
      • T lymphocytes
      • Antigen presenting cells
    • Thymus
      • Cortex
      • Medulla
      • Interlobar septum
      • Capsule
      • Hassal's corpuscle
    • Lymph nodes
      • Capsule
      • Paracortex
      • Cortex
      • Medulla
      • Lymphatic nodule
    • Spleen
      • Splenic pulp
      • White pulp
      • Red pulp
    • Tonsils
      • Forms a ring (Waldeyer's ring) underneath the epithelium around the entrances to the respiratory and digestive passages
      • Partially encapsulated by dense irregular connective tissue capsule
    • The antigen circulating in the blood does not come in contact with thymic lymphocytes due to the presence of blood-thymus barrier
    • Lymph node
      • Bean-shaped structures present during the lymphatic vessels
      • Have a capsule, cortex, medulla and various sinuses
    • Capsule
      • Made up of connective tissue
      • Numerous trabeculae arise from the capsule and enter the substance of the node
    • Cortex
      • Darkly stained peripheral part of the lymph node
      • Packed with lymphocytes
      • Plasma cells and macrophages are also present
      • Divided into the outer cortex and inner cortex
    • Outer cortex
      • Lies underneath the capsule
      • Contains mainly B lymphocytes with spherical lymphoid nodule
      • Germinal center, which is the site of B lymphocyte proliferation
    • Inner cortex
      • Lies underneath the outer cortex and surrounds the medulla
      • Also known as paracortex
      • It has mainly T lymphocytes
      • No lymphoid nodule is seen
    • Medulla
      • Light-stained central part of the lymph node
      • It consists of medullary cord and sinuses
      • Medullary cords are extensions of the inner cortex separated by medullary sinuses
    • Sinuses
      • Lymph passes through various sinuses of lymph nodes and gets filtered in them
      • Subcapsular sinus
      • Intermediate sinus
      • Medullary sinuses
    • Spleen
      • Covered by a capsule
      • Parenchyma consists of white pulp, red pulp and a marginal zone
    • Capsule
      • Has a capsule of dense connective tissue from which trabeculae arise and enter the substance of the organ
      • Blood vessels present in trabeculae also enter the organ along with it
    • White pulp
      • Grey-colored circular regions surrounding the central arteries
      • Lymphoid tissue surrounds the central arteries
    • Red pulp
      • Red pulp cords (cords of Billroth)
      • Sinusoids with wide lumen and elongated endothelial cells
    • Splenomegaly
      Enlargement of the spleen
    • Splenomegaly can occur from a variety of causes, including lymphoma or other malignant growth, infections such as mononucleosis, or sickle cell disease and other types of anemia
    • The splenic capsule is relatively thin, and an enlarged spleen is susceptible to traumatic rupture
    • Such rupture may require prompt surgical removal of the spleen, splenectomy, after which most functions of the organ are carried out by other lymphoid organs, with erythrocyte removal occurring in the liver and bone marrow
    • Immune System / Lymphoid System
      The structures and cells that protects the organism against invasion and damage by microorganisms and foreign substances
    • Free cells of the immune system
      • T and B lymphocytes
      • Antigen presenting cells
    • Organs of the immune system
      • Thymus
      • Lymph nodes
      • Spleen
      • Tonsils
    • Basic types of immune reaction
      • Cellular immunity
      • Humoral immunity
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