Chemistry

• Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes
• Matter


  Anything that occupies space and has mass
• Properties of matter

  • Physical properties
  • Chemical properties
• Physical property


  A property that can be measured without changing the chemical composition of the matter
• Extensive property


  A physical property that depends on the amount of matter being measured
• Intensive property


  A physical property that is independent of the amount of matter being considered
• Chemical property


  The characteristic ability of a substance to react to form new substances
• Types of matter

  • Pure substance
  • Mixture
• Pure substance


  A form of matter with a definite composition and distinct properties
• Pure substances

  • Element
  • Compound
• Element


  A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances using any chemical means
• Compound


  A substance formed when two or more types of elements are used in fixed proportion with one another
• Mixture


  A combination of two or more substances in which the substances retain their distinct identities
• Types of mixtures

  • Homogeneous
  • Heterogeneous
• Homogeneous mixture


  A mixture where the composition is the same throughout
• Heterogeneous mixture


  A mixture where the components can be differentiated
• Types of heterogeneous mixtures

  • Suspension
  • Colloid
• Suspension


  A heterogeneous mixture where the particles eventually settle at the bottom
• Colloid


  A heterogeneous mixture where the particles are small enough to remain dispersed in the matrix
• Dispersed phase


  The component(s) of a colloid that is/are being dispersed
• Continuous phase


  The component where the dispersed phase is being dispersed (also called the dispersion medium)
• Tyndall effect


  The scattering of light when a beam is passed through a colloid
• Types of colloids

  • Solid sol
  • Solid emulsion or Gel
  • Solid foam
  • Sol
  • Emulsion
  • Foam
  • Solid Aerosol
  • Liquid Aerosol
• States of matter

  • Solid
  • Liquid
  • Gas
  • Plasma
• Solid


  A state of matter with fixed shape and volume
• Liquid


  A state of matter with fixed volume but no fixed shape
• Gas


  A state of matter with no fixed shape or volume
• Plasma


  A state of matter composed of charged molecules or atoms
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• An atom is the basic unit of an element that can enter into a chemical combination.
• Hypothesis 1: All matter consists of indivisible particles called atoms
• Hypothesis 2: All atoms of the same element are identical in terms of size, mass, and chemical properties. The atom of one element is different from the atom of another element
• Hypothesis 3: Atoms of different elements may combine in fixed proportions to form a compound
• Hypothesis 4: Chemical reactions involve reorganization of the atoms—changes in how they are bound together. The atoms themselves are not changed in a chemical reaction
• Electrons, protons, and neutrons are the subatomic particles that make up an atom
• Rutherford's gold foil experiment led to the discovery that atoms are mostly empty space with a positively charged nucleus
• The atomic number represents the number of protons in the atom's nucleus
• The mass number is the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the atom's nucleus